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Related Concept Videos

Gustation01:43

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Gustation is a chemical sense that, along with olfaction (smell), contributes to our perception of taste. It starts with the activation of receptors by chemical compounds (tastants) dissolved in the saliva. The saliva and filiform papillae on the tongue distribute the tastants and increase their exposure to the taste receptors.
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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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In general, the term ‘aromatic’ indicates a pleasant smell or fragrance from fresh flowers, freshly prepared coffee, etc. In the early history of organic chemistry, many benzene derivatives were isolated from the pleasant odor oils of the plants. For example, vanillin was isolated from the oil of vanilla, methyl salicylate from the oil of wintergreen, and cinnamaldehyde from the oil of cinnamon. They all had a pleasant odor; hence the name aromatic was given.
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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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A signaling cascade is a series of events that facilitates the transmission of information within or between cells, culminating in a targeted response in the recipient cell. As chemical messengers, hormones are pivotal in initiating and modulating these intricate signaling cascades based on their solubility.
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Olfaction: chemical signposts along the silk road.

Mark C Mescher1, Consuelo M De Moraes

  • 1539, ASI Building Center, Chemical Ecology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. mcmescher@psu.edu

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|June 25, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Silkworm larvae use smell to interact with plants. Combining genetic, physical, and environmental data helps understand these plant-insect chemical communication systems and their evolution.

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Area of Science:

  • Entomology
  • Chemical Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Olfactory cues are crucial for insect-plant interactions.
  • Understanding these interactions requires integrating diverse biological data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the reception of olfactory cues by silkworm larvae.
  • To explore the evolutionary origins of plant-insect chemical communication.

Main Methods:

  • Genomic data analysis
  • Physiological measurements
  • Ecological field observations

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated specific olfactory cue reception in silkworm larvae.
  • Highlighted the importance of integrating multiple data types for comprehensive understanding.

Conclusions:

  • The convergence of genomic, physiological, and ecological data provides significant insights into the evolution of insect-plant chemical communication.
  • This multidisciplinary approach is key to unraveling complex chemically mediated interactions.