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Crossing over

Crossing over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process called synapsis.
In order to...

Crossing Over

Crossing Over

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I, duplicated...

Crossing Over

Crossing Over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process called synapsis.
In order to...

Cross-bridge Cycle

Cross-bridge Cycle

As muscle contracts, the overlap between the thin and thick filaments increases, decreasing the length of the sarcomere—the contractile unit of the muscle—using energy in the form of ATP. At the molecular level, this is a cyclic, multistep process that involves binding and hydrolysis of ATP, and movement of actin by myosin.

Design Example: Marking Boundaries of a Site Using a Compass

Design Example: Marking Boundaries of a Site Using a Compass

Marking site boundaries using a compass is a precise surveying technique that ensures the accuracy of boundary delineation. The process begins by using provided site details, including the bearings and lengths of each boundary line. The initial step involves calculating latitudes and departures for all sides of the site. This computation verifies that the traverse is free of errors, ensuring a closed and accurate boundary.The process starts at a known point, such as Point A, which is often...

Test Cross

Test Cross

Alleles are different forms of the same gene. Humans and other diploid organisms inherit two alleles of every gene, one from each parent.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

Published on: July 26, 2013

Binding Rubicon to cross the Rubicon.

Kohichi Matsunaga¹, Takeshi Noda, Tamotsu Yoshimori

¹Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

|June 25, 2009

Summary

Beclin 1 interacts with Atg14L or UVRAG/Rubicon to regulate autophagy. These distinct protein complexes determine whether the Beclin 1-Vps34-Vps15 complex promotes or inhibits autophagy and endocytosis.

Area of Science:

Cell Biology
Molecular Biology
Biochemistry

Background:

Beclin 1 is a crucial protein for mammalian autophagy, but its exact molecular role remains unclear.
Understanding Beclin 1's interactions is key to elucidating its function in cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify novel Beclin 1-interacting proteins.
To characterize the molecular mechanisms by which Beclin 1 regulates autophagy and endocytosis.

Main Methods:

Mass spectrometry was employed to identify proteins interacting with Beclin 1.
Immunofluorescence was used to determine the subcellular localization of protein complexes.

Main Results:

Two novel proteins, Atg14L and Rubicon, were found to associate with Beclin 1, alongside UVRAG.

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The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

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Published on: July 26, 2013

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Atg14L forms a complex that positively regulates early autophagy and localizes to the phagophore, autophagosome, and ER.

The Rubicon-UVRAG complex negatively regulates later autophagy and the endocytic pathway, localizing to late endosomes/lysosomes.

Conclusions:

The Beclin 1-Vps34-Vps15 core complex is a versatile regulator of both autophagy and the endocytic pathway.
The specific function of this complex is dictated by its interacting subunits, Atg14L or UVRAG/Rubicon.
This discovery provides critical insights into the context-dependent roles of Beclin 1 in cellular regulation.