Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Modes of Standing Waves - I01:03

Modes of Standing Waves - I

A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. A building may vibrate for several seconds with a driving frequency matching the building's natural frequency of vibration; this produces a resonance that results in one building collapsing while the neighboring buildings do not. Often, buildings of a certain height are devastated, while other taller buildings remain intact. This phenomenon...
Modes of Standing Waves: II01:04

Modes of Standing Waves: II

The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions are derived from the physical understanding of how the standing waves are sustained, that is, how the vibrating particles of the medium behave at the boundaries imposed on them.
For a tube open at one end and closed at the other filled with air, the modes are such that there is always an antinode at the open end and a node at the closed end.
Equations of Wave Motion01:02

Equations of Wave Motion

Mathematically, the motion of a wave can be studied using a wavefunction. Consider a string oscillating up and down in simple harmonic motion, having a period T. The wave on the string is sinusoidal and is translated in the positive x-direction as time progresses. Sine is a function of the angle θ, oscillating between +A and −A and repeating every 2π radians. To construct a wave model, the ratio of the angle θ and the position x is considered.
Graphing the Wave Function01:13

Graphing the Wave Function

Consider the wave equation for a sinusoidal wave moving in the positive x-direction. The wave equation is a function of both position and time. From the wave equation, two different graphs can be plotted.
Graphical and Analytic Representation of Sinusoids01:20

Graphical and Analytic Representation of Sinusoids

Analyzing two sinusoidal voltages with equal amplitude and period but different phases on an oscilloscope, an instrument used to display and analyze waveforms, involves a three-step process.
The first step is measuring the peak-to-peak value, which is twice the amplitude of the sinusoid. This provides information about the maximum voltage swing of the waveform.
Secondly, the period and angular frequency are determined. The period is the time taken for one complete cycle of the waveform, while...
Standing Waves01:17

Standing Waves

Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a refrigerator, which is one example of standing waves. Vibrations from the refrigerator motor create waves on the milk that oscillate up and down but do not seem to move across the surface. These waves are formed or created by the superposition of two or more identical moving waves in opposite directions. The waves move through each other, with their...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Steric Effects on the Photovoltaic Performance of Panchromatic Ruthenium Sensitizers for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2024
Same author

Spontaneous chaos and extreme events in a solid-state laser with the transverse-mode-degenerate cavity configuration.

Optics letters·2023
Same author

Cavity-sensitive amplified spontaneous emission with radiation reabsorption.

Optics letters·2013
Same author

Saturation of radiation trapping and lifetime measurements in three-level laser crystals.

Optics express·2012
Same author

Nonlinear optical property of azo-dye doped liquid crystals determined by biphotonic Z-scan technique.

Optics express·2009
Same author

Direct generation of optical bottle beams from a tightly focused end-pumped solid-state laser.

Optics express·2009

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

Generating a geometric mode for clarifying differences between an operator method and SU(2) wave representation.

Ching-Hsu Chen, Chi-Feng Chiu

    Optics Express
    |June 25, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers investigated the unique VW mode in Nd:YVO4 lasers. Numerical and experimental analysis revealed specific generation conditions and propagation characteristics, clarifying theoretical model limitations.

    More Related Videos

    The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry
    12:14

    The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry

    Published on: August 12, 2013

    Measurement of Chladni Mode Shapes with an Optical Lever Method
    04:39

    Measurement of Chladni Mode Shapes with an Optical Lever Method

    Published on: June 5, 2020

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

    Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
    06:42

    Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

    Published on: June 8, 2018

    The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry
    12:14

    The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry

    Published on: August 12, 2013

    Measurement of Chladni Mode Shapes with an Optical Lever Method
    04:39

    Measurement of Chladni Mode Shapes with an Optical Lever Method

    Published on: June 5, 2020

    Area of Science:

    • Laser physics
    • Quantum optics
    • Geometric modes

    Background:

    • End-pumped lasers utilize specific cavity designs for mode control.
    • Geometric modes offer unique properties in laser resonators.
    • Nd:YVO4 lasers are widely used for various applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze the geometric VW mode in an end-pumped Nd:YVO4 laser.
    • To compare numerical simulations with experimental results.
    • To clarify the theoretical underpinnings and limitations of different analytical methods.

    Main Methods:

    • Numerical simulations using the operator method, SU(2) wave representation, and Fox-Li approach.
    • Experimental investigation of mode patterns in a plano-concave cavity.
    • Comparative analysis of theoretical predictions and observed experimental data.

    Main Results:

    • Identified peculiar generating conditions for the VW mode.
    • Demonstrated the propagation characteristics of the VW mode.
    • Found limitations in the operator method and SU(2) representation for certain transverse patterns.

    Conclusions:

    • The operator method requires extension to include reverse directional trajectories for geometric modes.
    • The SU(2) coherent state representation is too specific for fringe patterns.
    • Experimental validation is crucial for refining theoretical laser mode analysis.