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Related Concept Videos

Introduction and Methods of Leveling01:26

Introduction and Methods of Leveling

Leveling is a surveying procedure used to determine elevation differences between distant points. Elevation refers to the vertical distance above or below a reference datum, typically mean sea level (MSL). In the United States, elevations are often referenced to the mean sea level station at Father Point Rimouski along the St. Lawrence Seaway. To make the datum accessible, permanent markers are established throughout the region. These markers, called benchmarks, have known elevations. If the...
Differential Leveling01:12

Differential Leveling

Differential leveling is a precise method in surveying used to determine the elevation difference between two points. Its primary goal is to establish accurate vertical measurements to create level surfaces or grade lines critical for designing and constructing infrastructures such as roads, bridges, and buildings.The procedure for differential leveling begins with setting up and leveling the instrument at a point where the benchmark can be seen. The level rod is held on the benchmark (BM), and...
Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling01:26

Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling

During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance. Over a...
Elevation of Intermediate Points on Vertical Curves01:20

Elevation of Intermediate Points on Vertical Curves

Vertical curves are essential in roadway design because they provide smooth transitions between varying roadway grades. Designing vertical curves involves calculating intermediate elevations and identifying the curve's highest or lowest point, which is essential for optimal roadway performance.Intermediate elevations on a vertical curve are determined using the tangent offset method. This method considers the initial elevation at the start of the curve, the grades, and the curve's geometry. The...
Geoid and Ellipsoid01:28

Geoid and Ellipsoid

The Earth's shape is best described as an ellipsoid, a slightly flattened sphere created by rotating an ellipse around its minor axis. This flattening results in the polar axis being about 21 kilometers shorter than the equatorial axis. In contrast, the geoid represents the Earth's gravitational shape and aligns with the mean sea level (MSL). The geoid is an irregular equipotential surface where gravity is perpendicular at every point. Variations in Earth's mass distribution cause geoid...
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Application of Linearization and Approximation

A drone flying through complex terrain often relies on more than one sensing method to estimate small changes in altitude. Along with direct measurements, air pressure provides a useful indirect indicator of vertical movement. Atmospheric pressure decreases as altitude increases, and this relationship is commonly described using an exponential model. Although accurate, converting pressure measurements into altitude values requires calculations that are too complex to perform repeatedly during...

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Echo Particle Image Velocimetry
16:31

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Published on: December 27, 2012

Elevation information in tail (EIT) technique for lidar altimetry.

Yongxiang Hu, Kathy Powell, Mark Vaughan

    Optics Express
    |June 25, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    A new Elevation Information in Tail (EIT) technique significantly improves lidar altimetry accuracy from CALIPSO data. This method enhances land surface elevation measurements by an order of magnitude, validated against other elevation datasets.

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    Area of Science:

    • Earth Observation
    • Geospatial Science
    • Atmospheric Science

    Background:

    • Lidar altimetry is crucial for measuring Earth's surface elevation.
    • CALIPSO lidar data provides valuable altimetry information but faces limitations in surface return signal processing.
    • Existing elevation datasets like NED and SRTM serve as benchmarks for validating new altimetry techniques.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce and validate the Elevation Information in Tail (EIT) technique for improved lidar altimetry.
    • To demonstrate the applicability of EIT to CALIPSO lidar data and similar systems.
    • To enhance the accuracy of land surface elevation measurements derived from lidar.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed the Elevation Information in Tail (EIT) technique, analyzing the relationship between surface return signal peak shape and detector transient response tail.
    • Applied the EIT technique to process CALIPSO lidar data.
    • Validated EIT-derived elevation measurements against the National Elevation Database (NED) and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data.

    Main Results:

    • The EIT technique demonstrated an order of magnitude or better improvement in CALIPSO land surface 30-meter elevation measurements.
    • EIT-processed data showed excellent agreement with high-resolution NED elevation maps.
    • Comparison with SRTM elevation data confirmed the accuracy and reliability of the EIT technique.

    Conclusions:

    • The EIT technique offers a significant advancement in lidar altimetry, particularly for processing CALIPSO data.
    • EIT enhances the precision of land surface elevation measurements, making lidar data more valuable for geospatial applications.
    • The method is robust and applicable to other lidar systems with similar characteristics, broadening its potential impact.