Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview01:27

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

An applied magnetic field causes loosely bound π-electrons in organic molecules to circulate, producing a local or induced diamagnetic field over a large spatial volume. As the molecules tumble in solution, the field generated by π-electrons in spherical substituents results in a zero net field. However, the net field generated by π-electrons in non-spherical substituents is not zero. The effect of this induced field depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to B0, resulting in...
Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability01:31

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Regularized density-potential inversion for periodic systems: Application to exact exchange in one dimension.

The Journal of chemical physics·2026
Same author

Autobiography of Trygve Helgaker.

The journal of physical chemistry. A·2025
Same author

Cluster perturbation theory. XI. Excitation-energy series using a variational excitation-energy function.

The Journal of chemical physics·2025
Same author

Classical Reaction Barriers in DFT: An Adiabatic-Connection Perspective.

Journal of chemical theory and computation·2024
Same author

Non-adiabatic coupling matrix elements in a magnetic field: Geometric gauge dependence and Berry phase.

The Journal of chemical physics·2024
Same author

A variational reformulation of molecular properties in electronic-structure theory.

Science advances·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement for Detecting and Characterizing Self-Associations of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins
07:24

Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement for Detecting and Characterizing Self-Associations of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

Published on: September 23, 2021

Non-perturbative magnetic phenomena in closed-shell paramagnetic molecules.

Erik I Tellgren1, Trygve Helgaker, Alessandro Soncini

  • 1Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Box 1033 Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|June 25, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Paramagnetic molecules exhibit a non-linear magnetic response, transitioning from paramagnetic to diamagnetic states in strong magnetic fields. This universal property, observed in large molecules, is predicted for smaller systems at lower fields.

More Related Videos

Spectral and Angle-Resolved Magneto-Optical Characterization of Photonic Nanostructures
08:01

Spectral and Angle-Resolved Magneto-Optical Characterization of Photonic Nanostructures

Published on: November 21, 2019

Site Directed Spin Labeling and EPR Spectroscopic Studies of Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
11:19

Site Directed Spin Labeling and EPR Spectroscopic Studies of Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

Published on: July 4, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement for Detecting and Characterizing Self-Associations of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins
07:24

Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement for Detecting and Characterizing Self-Associations of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

Published on: September 23, 2021

Spectral and Angle-Resolved Magneto-Optical Characterization of Photonic Nanostructures
08:01

Spectral and Angle-Resolved Magneto-Optical Characterization of Photonic Nanostructures

Published on: November 21, 2019

Site Directed Spin Labeling and EPR Spectroscopic Studies of Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
11:19

Site Directed Spin Labeling and EPR Spectroscopic Studies of Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

Published on: July 4, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Theoretical Chemistry
  • Quantum Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Paramagnetic closed-shell molecules typically exhibit linear magnetic responses.
  • Understanding molecular magnetic behavior under extreme conditions is crucial for novel material design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the magnetic response of paramagnetic closed-shell molecules in strong magnetic fields.
  • To elucidate the physical origin of observed magnetic transitions using theoretical models.

Main Methods:

  • Non-perturbative ab initio calculations were employed to model molecular magnetic behavior.
  • An analytical model based on molecular orbital theory was developed to explain the phenomenon.

Main Results:

  • Paramagnetic closed-shell molecules display a strongly non-linear magnetic response.
  • A paramagnetic-to-diamagnetic transition was predicted to occur in high magnetic fields.
  • The transition field for large molecules like acepleiadylene and corannulene dianions is approximately 10^3 T.

Conclusions:

  • The paramagnetic-to-diamagnetic transition is a universal property of paramagnetic closed-shell systems.
  • Smaller molecular systems are predicted to exhibit this transition at fields below 100 T.
  • This finding has implications for designing materials with tunable magnetic properties.