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Related Concept Videos

Mania and Antimanic Drugs: Overview01:24

Mania and Antimanic Drugs: Overview

Mania, a psychological condition characterized by elevated mood, increased energy, and reduced sleep need, is part of the bipolar disorder cycle. The exact cause of mania isn't entirely known, but it is thought to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Bipolar disorder involves alternating manic and depressive episodes. Mood stabilizers like lithium, antipsychotics, and anticonvulsants help manage these episodes. Lithium carbonate is particularly effective as a...
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Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions

Idiosyncratic drug reactions represent abnormal chemical responses that vary significantly among individuals, ranging from extreme sensitivity to low doses to insensitivity to high doses. These reactions often occur due to the drug's covalent binding with serum proteins, forming a foreign hapten that triggers an immunotoxicological response. The variability in drug reactions has a strong pharmacogenetic foundation, with genetic differences crucial in how individuals metabolize drugs. For...
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Weak Acid Solutions

Few compounds act as strong acids. A far greater number of compounds behave as weak acids and only partially react with water, leaving a large majority of dissolved molecules in their original form and generating a relatively small amount of hydronium ions. Weak acids are commonly encountered in nature, being the substances partly responsible for the tangy taste of citrus fruits, the stinging sensation of insect bites, and the unpleasant smells associated with body odor. A familiar example of a...
Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
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Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison

In cases of acute poisoning, the primary objective is to prevent further absorption of the toxic substance into the body. Immediate interventions using various decontamination techniques targeting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can achieve this. Decontamination is crucial to prevent poison from entering the systemic circulation, which involves washing affected areas with water and mild soap and removing contaminated clothing. Once external decontamination is done, attention must be turned to...
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Toxidromes are specific patterns of symptoms resulting from toxic substance exposure. They help in the identification and treatment of poisoning. The symptoms of each toxidrome group indicate poisoning by a certain class of chemicals or drugs.1. Sympathomimetic: Stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. Symptoms include agitation, increased heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), respiratory rate (RR), temperature, and pupil size. Drugs like cocaine and amphetamines, along with tremors and...

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Updated: Jun 22, 2026

A Protocol for Safe Lithiation Reactions Using Organolithium Reagents
09:45

A Protocol for Safe Lithiation Reactions Using Organolithium Reagents

Published on: November 12, 2016

[Intoxication with lithium].

K Fiegler1, M E Liechti, M Bodmer

  • 1Departement für Innere Medizin, Universitätsspital Basel, Basel.

Praxis
|June 25, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A 75-year-old male on lithium therapy developed severe neurological symptoms due to lithium intoxication, exacerbated by new heart failure medications. Prompt treatment involving volume substitution and renal function normalization led to full recovery.

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

A Protocol for Safe Lithiation Reactions Using Organolithium Reagents
09:45

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Published on: November 12, 2016

The Tail Suspension Test
10:17

The Tail Suspension Test

Published on: January 28, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Neurology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Lithium is a common mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder.
  • Heart failure treatment with diuretics and ACE inhibitors can impact renal function.
  • Renal insufficiency is a key risk factor for lithium accumulation.

Observation:

  • A patient on lithium and new heart failure medications presented with hypotension and altered mental status.
  • Admission revealed renal insufficiency, pneumonia, and elevated lithium levels.
  • Neurological deterioration occurred, with a low Glasgow Coma Scale score and signs of central nervous system toxicity.

Findings:

  • The patient's condition improved significantly with fluid resuscitation and improved renal function.
  • Chronic lithium intoxication was diagnosed, excluding other neurological causes.
  • This case highlights the interplay between lithium pharmacokinetics, renal function, and polypharmacy.

Implications:

  • Clinicians must monitor lithium levels closely in patients with renal impairment or those starting medications affecting renal function.
  • Understanding lithium pharmacokinetics is crucial for preventing and managing toxicity.
  • Early recognition and intervention are vital for favorable outcomes in lithium intoxication.