Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 22, 2026
07:06
Prediction of HIV-1 Coreceptor Usage (Tropism) by Sequence Analysis using a Genotypic Approach
Published on: December 1, 2011
Virus entry via the alternative coreceptors CCR3 and FPRL1 differs by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype
R Nedellec1, M Coetzer, N Shimizu
1Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
Journal of Virology
|June 26, 2009
Summary
HIV-1 subtypes show distinct coreceptor usage. Subtype B uses CCR3, while subtypes A and C utilize FPRL1, impacting viral entry and potential drug resistance.
Area of Science:
- Virology
- Immunology
- Molecular Biology
Background:
- Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry relies on CD4 and coreceptors (CoRs), typically CCR5.
- While CXCR4 is a known alternative CoR, the roles of other CoRs across HIV-1 subtypes are not fully understood.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate differential HIV-1 entry into target cells mediated by various alternative coreceptors across major HIV-1 subtypes.
- To determine correlations between CCR5 entry efficiency and alternative CoR usage, and if these correlations vary by subtype.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of HIV-1 envelope (Env) proteins from 66 individuals across major subtypes.
- Assessing virus entry into NP-2 cell lines expressing known alternative CoRs.
- Linear regression analysis to correlate CCR5 entry with alternative CoR utilization by subtype.
Main Results:
- Subtype B Env demonstrated efficient entry via CCR3, strongly correlated with CCR5 efficiency.
- Subtypes A and C Env utilized FPRL1 more effectively than CCR3, with FPRL1 use correlated to CCR5 entry.
- Subtype D Env showed limited efficiency with CCR3 and FPRL1, indicating a unique CoR usage pattern.
Conclusions:
- HIV-1 subtypes exhibit distinct selective pressures influencing Env-mediated entry.
- CCR3 may act as a surrogate CoR for subtype B, while FPRL1 serves this role for subtypes A and C.
- Understanding these alternative entry pathways is crucial for predicting resistance to CCR5 inhibitors and developing new therapeutics.
More Related Videos
08:40Production of Pseudotyped Particles to Study Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses in a Biosafety Level 2 Setting
Published on: March 1, 2019
10:50Assessment of Immunologically Relevant Dynamic Tertiary Structural Features of the HIV-1 V3 Loop Crown R2 Sequence by ab initio Folding
Published on: September 15, 2010
Related Concept Videos
02:33Retroviruses
Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
01:10Retrovirus Life Cycles
Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
00:57Viral Recombination
Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
01:28Diversity of Antigen Receptors
Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
01:25Inhibitors Of Virion Release
Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...
01:29Viruses with RNA Genomes
RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...