Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Genomics

Genomics

Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...

Structure of a Gene

Structure of a Gene

A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the same genes, there is a small fraction that is slightly different amongst people. A gene with a small difference in its sequence of DNA bases forms different alleles, contributing to different phenotypes.
However, only 1% of the DNA is composed of genes that encode proteins; the rest, 99% is non-coding DNA. This non-coding DNA performs...

Genome Annotation and Assembly

Genome Annotation and Assembly

The genome refers to all of the genetic material in an organism. It can range from a few million base pairs in microbial cells to several billion base pairs in many eukaryotic organisms. Genome assembly refers to the process of taking the DNA sequencing data and putting it all back together in a correct order to create a close representation of the original genome. This is followed by the identification of functional elements on the newly assembled genome, a process called genome annotation.

Organization of Genes

Organization of Genes

Organization of Genes

Organization of Genes

DNA as a Genetic Template

DNA as a Genetic Template

Two structural features of the DNA molecule provide a basis for the mechanisms of heredity: the four nucleotide bases and its double-stranded nature. The Watson-Crick model of double-helical DNA structure, proposed in 1952, drew heavily upon the X-ray crystallography work of researchers Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. Watson, Crick, and Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work in 1962. Franklin was, controversially, excluded from the prize for...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Large language models and emergence: a complex systems perspective.

Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences·2026

Same author

Aging Associated Transcriptomic Signatures in Tumor and Tumor Adjacent Lung Tissues Associated with Recurrence Following Resection of Stage I Lung Adenocarcinoma.

Research square·2026

Same author

Unsupervised multiscale clustering of single-cell transcriptomes to identify hierarchical structures of cell subtypes.

GigaScience·2025

Same author

Single-Cell Network Analysis Identifies CLEC4E as a Key Mediator of Proinflammatory mDC Responses in Influenza Infection.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Same author

Unsupervised multi-scale clustering of single-cell transcriptomes to identify hierarchical structures of cell subtypes.

Research square·2025

Same author

Constructing stability: optimal learning in noisy ecological niches.

Proceedings. Biological sciences·2024

Same journal

From episodes to populations: evolutionary explanation requires a constructive epistemology.

Theory in biosciences = Theorie in den Biowissenschaften·2026

Same journal

Cortical neuron classes and recursive curvature collapse: a neurobiological model of conscious dynamics.

Theory in biosciences = Theorie in den Biowissenschaften·2026

Same journal

On model of weight gain of farm animals.

Theory in biosciences = Theorie in den Biowissenschaften·2026

Same journal

An investigative network analysis mapping global cancer epidemiology.

Theory in biosciences = Theorie in den Biowissenschaften·2026

Same journal

The challenge of distinguishing living from non-living entities.

Theory in biosciences = Theorie in den Biowissenschaften·2026

Same journal

Red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) variety recognition using subset division and neural networks.

Theory in biosciences = Theorie in den Biowissenschaften·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Gene Digital Circuits Based on CRISPR-Cas Systems and Anti-CRISPR Proteins

Gene Digital Circuits Based on CRISPR-Cas Systems and Anti-CRISPR Proteins

Published on: October 18, 2022

Defining genes: a computational framework.

Peter F Stadler¹, Sonja J Prohaska, Christian V Forst

¹Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Härtelstrasse 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany. studla@bioinf.uni-leipzig.de

Theory in Biosciences = Theorie in Den Biowissenschaften

|June 27, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Defining the gene concept is crucial with new transcriptome and proteome data. This study proposes a new gene definition using cellular interactions, integrating genomics, function, and homology for better biological annotation.

More Related Videos

Automated Robotic Liquid Handling Assembly of Modular DNA Devices

Automated Robotic Liquid Handling Assembly of Modular DNA Devices

Published on: December 1, 2017

A Bioinformatics Pipeline for Investigating Molecular Evolution and Gene Expression using RNA-seq

A Bioinformatics Pipeline for Investigating Molecular Evolution and Gene Expression using RNA-seq

Published on: May 28, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Gene Digital Circuits Based on CRISPR-Cas Systems and Anti-CRISPR Proteins

Gene Digital Circuits Based on CRISPR-Cas Systems and Anti-CRISPR Proteins

Published on: October 18, 2022

Automated Robotic Liquid Handling Assembly of Modular DNA Devices

Automated Robotic Liquid Handling Assembly of Modular DNA Devices

Published on: December 1, 2017

A Bioinformatics Pipeline for Investigating Molecular Evolution and Gene Expression using RNA-seq

A Bioinformatics Pipeline for Investigating Molecular Evolution and Gene Expression using RNA-seq

Published on: May 28, 2021

Area of Science:

Genomics
Molecular Biology
Bioinformatics

Background:

The gene concept is under intense discussion due to high-throughput transcriptome and proteome survey data.
Previous work proposed a gene concept integrating genomic heritability and function.
Existing definitions may not fully capture the complexities revealed by modern biological data.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a refined definition of the gene.
To establish a computational framework for gene definition based on cellular interactions.
To ensure the definition meets practical needs in annotation, regulation, and evolutionary analysis.

Main Methods:

Developing a computational framework incorporating cellular interactions.
Integrating genomic heritability, functional elements, and homology.
Testing the definition against requirements for annotation and regulatory logic.

Main Results:

A novel gene definition is proposed within a computational framework.
The definition addresses practical annotation requirements.
The definition captures logical aspects of gene regulation and evolutionary homology.

Conclusions:

The proposed gene definition offers a more comprehensive and computationally tractable approach.
This framework aids in understanding gene function and evolution in the context of cellular networks.
It provides a robust foundation for biological annotation and regulatory analysis.