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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of Hemostasis01:24

Disorders of Hemostasis

Hemostasis, the process that stops bleeding after a blood vessel injury, is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the circulatory system. However, disorders of hemostasis can disrupt this delicate balance, leading to either excessive clotting or bleeding. These disorders can be broadly classified into thromboembolic disorders and bleeding disorders.
Thromboembolic Disorders
Two factors primarily cause thromboembolic conditions.
Coagulation01:06

Coagulation

Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...
Coagulation01:09

Coagulation

The coagulation phase is a critical part of the body's process to prevent blood loss following injury to blood vessels. It involves chemical reactions that form a clot to seal the injured area. The clotting process begins shortly after injury, within 15-20 seconds for severe damage and 1-2 minutes for minor injuries.
During the coagulation phase, clotting factors, or procoagulants, play a vital role in initiating and progressing the coagulation cascade. This cascade is a series of reactions...
Blood Transfusion and Agglutination02:45

Blood Transfusion and Agglutination

Blood transfusion is a therapeutic measure to restore the blood volume after extensive blood loss due to an accident or a medical procedure. Blood transfusion involves drawing a certain amount of blood from a suitable donor and infusing it into the recipient.
History
The history of blood transfusion dates back to the 17th century, when early attempts were made in animals. In 1818 James Blundell, a British doctor, performed the first successful human blood transfusion. Later in 1900, Karl...
Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology01:21

Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology

Cytotoxic edema is a form of cerebral edema characterized by intracellular swelling of neurons, astrocytes, and other glial cells. It develops when the mechanisms responsible for maintaining ionic gradients across the cell membrane become impaired. Under normal physiological conditions, the sodium–potassium ATPase actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, preserving osmotic balance and enabling electrical signaling. This pump requires a continuous supply...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Determination of the Procoagulant Activity of Extracellular Vesicle (EV) Using EV-Activated Clotting Time (EV-ACT)
04:56

Determination of the Procoagulant Activity of Extracellular Vesicle (EV) Using EV-Activated Clotting Time (EV-ACT)

Published on: August 4, 2023

Immune-mediated coagulopathy: a case report.

Joseph J Naoum1

  • 1Division of Vascular Surgery, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA. jjnaoum@tmhs.org

Pharmacotherapy
|June 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Bovine-derived thrombin, used for surgical hemostasis, can cause immune-mediated coagulopathy. This case highlights the risk in patients with prior exposure, even if unknown, necessitating heightened clinical suspicion.

Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Immunology
  • Surgical Hemostasis

Background:

  • Topical thrombin is a biologic agent used for surgical hemostasis.
  • Bovine-derived thrombin carries a risk of immune-mediated coagulopathy.
  • Identifying prior exposure can be challenging.

Observation:

  • A 61-year-old male with peripheral artery disease developed a retroperitoneal hematoma post-lower extremity revascularization.
  • The patient had likely undocumented prior exposure to bovine-derived thrombin.
  • Hematoma progression occurred despite standard treatments.

Findings:

  • The patient developed immune-mediated coagulopathy following documented exposure to bovine-derived thrombin.
  • Plasma mixing studies suggested the presence of factor V and thrombin inhibitors.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Determination of the Procoagulant Activity of Extracellular Vesicle (EV) Using EV-Activated Clotting Time (EV-ACT)
04:56

Determination of the Procoagulant Activity of Extracellular Vesicle (EV) Using EV-Activated Clotting Time (EV-ACT)

Published on: August 4, 2023

  • Coagulopathy persisted despite anticoagulation, fresh frozen plasma, and vitamin K.

    • Implications:

    • Surgeons should maintain a high index of suspicion for bovine-derived thrombin-induced coagulopathy in patients with unexplained bleeding.
    • Consider potential prior exposure in patients undergoing vascular, cardiac, or spinal surgeries.
    • Further diagnostic strategies are needed to identify prior exposure and antibodies.