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Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Imaging of the Microstructural Failure Mechanism in the Human Hip
Published on: September 29, 2023
The three-dimensional anatomy of proximal humeral fractures
Gordon Edelson1, Husam Saffuri, Elias Obid
1Orthopedic Department, Poriya Government Hospital, Tiberias, Israel. edelson@bezeqint.net
Hypothesis:
Three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) reconstructions have the potential to convey the anatomy of proximal humeral fractures more realistically than do standard 2D images.
Material And Methods:
Proximal humeral fractures in 248 adult patients were examined prospectively using 3D CT reconstructions. To our knowledge, this represents the largest reported series of such fractures examined by this method.
Results:
Of 248 fractures examined by a 3D classification system, 14% were of the 2 Part type, 36% were 3 Part, 21% were Shield fractures, 13% were isolated tuberosity injuries, and 16% were fracture dislocations.
Conclusions:
This study led to a modification of the Neer classification system. The frequency of each type of injury in this new classification is presented and a technique for viewing 3D images is suggested which maximizes their usefulness.
Level Of Evidence:
Level 2; Clinical, observational, and prospective.
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