Guidelines for reconstruction of the eyelids and canthal regions

A large number of reports are available on the options for reconstructing specific defects of the eyelids or (peri) orbital area, which may complicate decision making in choosing the most optimal technique for a particular defect. Based on more than 40 years' experience in reconstruction of eyelids and periorbital defects, combined with an extensive literature review, general principles on reconstruction are presented and illustrated. Surgical techniques are outlined with respect to anatomical layer, depth, size and location of the defect. Adherence to specific principles for eyelid and canthal reconstruction will lead to predictable, stable and functionally good results.