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Related Concept Videos

Hearing01:31

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Systematic Hearing Performance Evaluation Process for Adolescents with Cochlear Implantation at Early Ages
06:04

Systematic Hearing Performance Evaluation Process for Adolescents with Cochlear Implantation at Early Ages

Published on: March 24, 2023

Vocal singing by prelingually-deafened children with cochlear implants.

Li Xu1, Ning Zhou, Xiuwu Chen

  • 1School of Hearing, Speech and Language Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA. xul@ohio.edu

Hearing Research
|June 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Children with cochlear implants struggle with singing pitch accuracy. This study found significant pitch deficits in prelingually deafened pediatric cochlear implant users compared to normal-hearing children, impacting their singing development.

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Systematic Hearing Performance Evaluation Process for Adolescents with Cochlear Implantation at Early Ages
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Area of Science:

  • Audiology
  • Pediatric Medicine
  • Music Cognition

Background:

  • Cochlear implants (CIs) provide sound awareness but may limit pitch perception.
  • Singing development in prelingually deafened children using CIs is not well understood.
  • Coarse pitch information from CIs might impede singing skills.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate singing performance in prelingually deafened pediatric CI users.
  • To compare pitch and rhythm accuracy in CI users versus normal-hearing children.
  • To identify specific singing deficits related to CI use.

Main Methods:

  • Seven prelingually deafened pediatric CI users and 14 normal-hearing children sang familiar songs.
  • Fundamental frequency (F0) was extracted from recordings.
  • Pitch contour, F0 compression, pitch deviation, interval accuracy, and rhythm were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • CI users demonstrated significantly poorer performance in pitch-based singing assessments.
  • No significant differences were found in rhythm-based singing measures between groups.
  • Deficits were observed in manipulating pitch direction and achieving accurate pitch height.

Conclusions:

  • Prelingually deafened children with CIs exhibit significant singing deficits, particularly in pitch control.
  • Inability to manipulate pitch direction and height contributes to impaired singing.
  • Further research with larger sample sizes is needed to address performance variability.