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Related Concept Videos

Decreased Body Temperature01:29

Decreased Body Temperature

A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by sustained extreme cold exposure, and severe...
Methods of reducing fever01:22

Methods of reducing fever

The signs and symptoms of fever include hot and dry skin, flushed face, thirst, muscle aches, anorexia, headache, tachycardia, tachypnea, and fatigue. Elevated body temperature is reduced using two methods: pharmacological and nonpharmacological. Proper identification and treatment of the root cause of a fever is of utmost importance.
Pharmacological Methods of Reducing Fever:
Factors Affecting Body Temperature01:28

Factors Affecting Body Temperature

As a nurse, it is vital to understand the factors affecting body temperature to monitor variations and effectively evaluate deviations from regular.
Factors may  include:
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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Kidney Transplant II: Surgical Procedure01:26

Kidney Transplant II: Surgical Procedure

Preoperative ManagementThe primary goals of preoperative management in kidney transplantation are to optimize the patient’s metabolic state and prepare them for surgery through diet adjustments, necessary dialysis, and tailored medical treatment. This phase also involves comprehensive infection screening and patient education about the surgical procedure and postoperative care to improve outcomes and adherence.Medical ManagementA comprehensive evaluation is required for both the living donor...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Esophageal Heat Transfer for Patient Temperature Control and Targeted Temperature Management
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Published on: November 21, 2017

Hypothermia and surgery: immunologic mechanisms for current practice.

Motaz Qadan1, Sarah A Gardner, David S Vitale

  • 1Price Institute of Surgical Research, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Medical-Dental Research Building (3rd Floor), 511 South Floyd St, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA. m0qada01@louisville.edu

Annals of Surgery
|June 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Intraoperative hypothermia impairs innate immune function by affecting monocyte responses, increasing the risk of surgical complications. Maintaining normothermia is crucial for patient outcomes.

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08:22

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Published on: October 27, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Surgical Physiology

Background:

  • Perioperative hypothermia is a critical concern in surgical patient care, linked to adverse outcomes like infection and mortality.
  • Anesthetized patients are highly susceptible to hypothermia, with unclear underlying immunologic mechanisms.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is vital for improving surgical quality measures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cellular and immunologic effects of intraoperative hypothermia on surgical patients.
  • To elucidate the impact of varying temperatures on monocyte function and cytokine release.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro study exposing healthy volunteer blood samples to hypothermic (34°C), normothermic (37°C), and hyperthermic (40°C) conditions with lipopolysaccharide challenge.
  • Assessed innate immune function by measuring monocyte HLA-DR expression and cytokine release (TNF-alpha, IL-10).

Main Results:

  • Hypothermia reduced monocyte HLA-DR expression and delayed TNF-alpha clearance, while increasing IL-10 release.
  • Hyperthermia increased antigen presentation but also elevated IL-10 release.
  • Normothermia balanced cytokine release, attenuating the inflammatory response.

Conclusions:

  • Hypothermia compromises innate immune function at the cellular level, contributing to increased septic complications and mortality.
  • These findings support perioperative temperature monitoring as a key performance measure to mitigate hypothermia-related surgical risks.