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Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Basophil Activation Test for Investigation of IgE-Mediated Mechanisms in Drug Hypersensitivity

Basophil Activation Test for Investigation of IgE-Mediated Mechanisms in Drug Hypersensitivity

Published on: September 16, 2011

Selective immediate hypersensitivity reactions to NSAIDs.

Maria Gabriela Canto¹, Isabel Andreu, Javier Fernandez

¹Servicio de Alergologia, Hospital Infantal Leonor, Madrid, Spain. mgabriela.canto@salul.madrid.org

Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology

|June 30, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Selective hypersensitivity reactions to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) occur when a patient reacts to one NSAID but tolerates others. Understanding these selective NSAID reactions is crucial for patient safety and diagnosis.

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Area of Science:

Allergy and Immunology
Pharmacology

Background:

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are common causes of drug hypersensitivity reactions.
While cross-intolerance is frequent, selective reactions to a single NSAID are also significant.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review selective immediate hypersensitivity reactions to NSAIDs.
To highlight the clinical presentation and diagnostic considerations for these reactions.

Main Methods:

Literature search for studies on selective NSAID hypersensitivity.
Analysis of reported cases and clinical characteristics.
Review of proposed mechanisms.

Main Results:

Selective NSAID reactions involve urticarial or anaphylactic responses to a single drug.
Patients often tolerate other NSAIDs, including those from the same chemical class.
Evidence for IgE-mediated mechanisms is often indirect due to inconsistent specific IgE findings.

Conclusions:

Selective immediate NSAID reactions warrant consideration in patients presenting with urticaria or anaphylaxis.
Clinical history of tolerance to other NSAIDs is key to diagnosis.
Further research is needed to identify specific antigenic structures involved in selective NSAID hypersensitivity.