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Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart, a...

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart, a...

Replication in Prokaryotes

Replication in Prokaryotes

DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication (ori) on the cell's circular chromosome. Replication then proceeds around the entire circle of the chromosome in each direction from the two replication forks, resulting in two DNA molecules.
Many Proteins Work Together to Replicate the Chromosome
Replication is coordinated and carried out by a host of specialized...

Replication in Prokaryotes

Replication in Prokaryotes

Replication in Prokaryotes

Replication in Prokaryotes

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

G2-seq: A High Throughput Sequencing-based Technique for Identifying Late Replicating Regions of the Genome

G2-seq: A High Throughput Sequencing-based Technique for Identifying Late Replicating Regions of the Genome

Published on: March 22, 2018

Random and site-specific replication termination.

Jacob Z Dalgaard¹, Trevor Eydmann, Milana Koulintchenko

¹Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, Surrey, UK.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|July 1, 2009

Summary

Genomic replication is bi-directional, with termination occurring away from origins. This review focuses on site-specific replication termination sites in eukaryotes, contrasting with random termination in archaea and bacteria.

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G2-seq: A High Throughput Sequencing-based Technique for Identifying Late Replicating Regions of the Genome

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Strand-Specific Analysis of Proteins at Replicating DNA Strands by Enrichment and Sequencing of Protein-Associated Nascent DNA Method

Strand-Specific Analysis of Proteins at Replicating DNA Strands by Enrichment and Sequencing of Protein-Associated Nascent DNA Method

Published on: May 2, 2025

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genetics
Cell Biology

Background:

Genomic replication is bi-directional across Eubacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
Replication termination is distinct from initiation due to diverging forks.
Replication machinery competes with DNA-binding proteins for DNA access.

Purpose of the Study:

To review known information on replication termination processes.
To focus on natural site-specific replication termination sites in eukaryotes.
To compare termination mechanisms across phylogenetic kingdoms.

Main Methods:

Literature review of replication termination mechanisms.
Analysis of site-specific replication termination elements in eukaryotes.
Comparative genomics of termination processes.

Main Results:

Replication termination occurs away from origins in bi-directional replication.
Eubacterial termination is site-specific; archaeal and eukaryotic termination is generally random.
Specific eukaryotic sites mediating replication termination have been identified.

Conclusions:

Replication termination mechanisms vary significantly across the three domains of life.
Site-specific termination elements in eukaryotes represent a departure from random termination.
Further research into these specific eukaryotic sites is warranted.