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Related Concept Videos

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature

The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
Regions of the Vertebral Column
In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form the...
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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Spongy Bone01:09

Spongy Bone

All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
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Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
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Introduction to the Skeletal System01:20

Introduction to the Skeletal System

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Components of the Skeletal System
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Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
07:56

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Published on: January 29, 2018

Lateral bone density variations in the scoliotic spine.

Clayton J Adam1, Geoffrey N Askin

  • 1Paediatric Spine Research Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. c.adam@qut.edu.au

Bone
|July 1, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) causes uneven bone density in vertebrae, particularly at the curve

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) is a common spinal deformity affecting 2-4% of adolescents.
  • Vertebral shape changes in AIS are known, but bone density distribution remains understudied.
  • Understanding bone density variations is crucial for AIS progression and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate lateral bone density distribution within vertebral bodies in AIS patients.
  • To identify correlations between bone density profiles and patient demographics/scoliosis severity.
  • To quantify bone density asymmetry in scoliotic vertebrae.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized CT scans from 53 female AIS patients with right thoracic curves.
  • Measured lateral bone density profiles at mid-height of vertebral bodies.

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Clinical Efficacy of Ultrasound-Assisted Scoliosis-Specific Exercise in Mild-Grade Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
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  • Performed multiple regression analysis correlating bone density with age, BMI, skeletal maturity, and curve severity.

    • Main Results:

    • Significant convex/concave bone density asymmetry observed at the apical vertebra.
    • Concave cortical shell bone density was 23.5% higher than convex.
    • Cancellous bone density increased by 13.8% from convex to concave, with a 4% shift in the center of mass towards concavity.
    • Peak bone density correlated with skeletal maturity (Risser stage).
    • Bone density gradient linked to weight, height, and BMI.

    Conclusions:

    • AIS induces significant lateral bone density asymmetry in vertebrae, especially at the curve apex.
    • Skeletal maturity, BMI, weight, and height influence bone density distribution and gradients in AIS.
    • Findings provide insights into the biomechanics of vertebral deformity in AIS.