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Related Concept Videos

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
Most of these mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus and imported to the mitochondria as unfolded or loosely folded precursors. Mitochondrial precursors...
Centrioles and Centrosomes01:13

Centrioles and Centrosomes

Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes side-by-side, which begin to move apart during the prophase. As the centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell, microtubules start extending from each centrosome toward the other end. The mitotic spindle is composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.
Near the end of the prophase, also called late prophase or "prometaphase,"...
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
Centrosome Duplication02:25

Centrosome Duplication

The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
To ensure that each daughter cell receives a centrosome after cell division, centrosome duplication...
Centrosome Duplication02:25

Centrosome Duplication

The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
To ensure that each daughter cell receives a centrosome after cell division, centrosome duplication...
Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins01:39

Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins

Mitochondrial precursors are partially unfolded or loosely folded polypeptide chains. Newly synthesized precursors are inhibited from spontaneously folding into their native conformation by the cytosolic chaperones, heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70), and mitochondrial import stimulation factors (MSFs). Precursors bound to MSFs are guided to the TOM70-TOM37 receptors, while precursors bound to Hsp70  chaperones are targetted to TOM20-TOM22 receptor complexes.
Most of the mitochondrial precursors...

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An Improved Method to Isolate Mitochondrial Contact Sites
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Hypothesis: Bifunctional mitochondrial proteins have centrosomal functions.

Akilah Moore1, Andy Golden

  • 1Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases/NIH, 8 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis
|July 1, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins can function outside the mitochondria, influencing cell cycle and chromosome structure. This suggests a non-energetic role for mitochondria in cellular processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Mitochondrial Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Mitochondria are central to cellular energy production.
  • They also play roles in fatty acid and amino acid metabolism.
  • Mitochondrial function relies on both mitochondrial and nuclear-encoded genes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the non-canonical functions of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins.
  • To investigate if these proteins localize and function outside the mitochondria.
  • To highlight the non-energetic importance of mitochondria.

Main Methods:

  • Review of published literature on mitochondrial protein localization and function.
  • Analysis of data demonstrating extra-mitochondrial roles of these proteins.
  • Discussion of proteins affecting cell cycle, chromosome morphology, and centrosome biology.

Main Results:

  • Growing evidence shows mitochondrial proteins localize outside the organelle.
  • These proteins exhibit functionality in extra-mitochondrial locations.
  • Specific examples include roles in cell cycle progression and centrosome dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • A subset of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins are bifunctional.
  • These proteins participate in critical cellular processes beyond energy generation.
  • Mitochondrial importance extends beyond bioenergetics, impacting fundamental cellular activities.