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Related Concept Videos

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...
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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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The writer is an enzyme that can...
Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Types of RNA01:23

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Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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RNA-Associated Chromatin DNA-DNA Interaction Method
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Published on: April 30, 2026

Many human large intergenic noncoding RNAs associate with chromatin-modifying complexes and affect gene expression.

Ahmad M Khalil1, Mitchell Guttman, Maite Huarte

  • 1The Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|July 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered that many large intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) bind to chromatin-modifying complexes like PRC2. Depleting these functional lincRNAs alters gene expression, suggesting they guide these complexes to regulate genes.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Mammalian genomes encode over 1,000 conserved large intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) implicated in crucial biological processes.
  • The functional mechanisms of lincRNAs, particularly their role in gene regulation, remain largely unknown.
  • The lincRNA HOTAIR is known to interact with the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To expand the catalog of human lincRNAs and investigate their physical association with chromatin-modifying complexes.
  • To elucidate the mechanism by which lincRNAs regulate gene expression.
  • To explore the functional consequences of lincRNA depletion on gene silencing pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of chromatin-state maps across various human cell types to identify lincRNAs.
  • Biochemical assays to test for physical association between lincRNAs and PRC2.
  • siRNA-mediated depletion of lincRNAs to assess effects on gene expression and chromatin modification.

Main Results:

  • The catalog of human lincRNAs was expanded to approximately 3,300.
  • Approximately 20% of expressed lincRNAs in various cell types were found to be bound by PRC2.
  • Depletion of specific lincRNAs associated with PRC2 resulted in altered gene expression, with up-regulated genes enriched for PRC2 targets.

Conclusions:

  • A significant subset of lincRNAs physically interacts with PRC2 and potentially other chromatin-modifying complexes.
  • lincRNAs play a role in guiding chromatin-modifying complexes to specific genomic locations.
  • This interaction suggests a novel mechanism for lincRNA-mediated gene regulation and epigenetic control.