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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

An Operant Intra-/Extra-dimensional Set-shift Task for Mice
08:35

An Operant Intra-/Extra-dimensional Set-shift Task for Mice

Published on: January 22, 2016

IQ-related fMRI differences during cognitive set shifting.

Steven Graham1, Jiaying Jiang, Victoria Manning

  • 1Functional Brain Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117570. psysg@nus.edu.sg

Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)
|July 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Higher intelligence (HIQ) participants showed greater parietal activation during feedback, suggesting efficient planning, while average intelligence (AIQ) participants had greater prefrontal activation during response selection.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Intelligence Research

Background:

  • The relationship between intelligence and brain activity, known as the neural efficiency hypothesis, remains debated.
  • Previous studies have yielded mixed results regarding whether higher intelligence correlates with more or less brain activation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural correlates of executive function, specifically cognitive set-shifting, in individuals with high versus average intelligence.
  • To explore how different components of a task recruit distinct brain regions and are modulated by intelligence levels.

Main Methods:

  • Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to compare brain activation patterns.
  • Twenty-eight healthy participants were divided into high intelligence quotient (HIQ) and average intelligence quotient (AIQ) groups.

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  • Participants performed a cognitive set-shifting task measuring executive function.

    • Main Results:

    • AIQ participants exhibited greater prefrontal activation during response selection, indicating more effort in this phase.
    • HIQ participants demonstrated greater parietal activation during feedback evaluation, suggesting enhanced planning and strategy engagement.
    • Behavioral performance was largely comparable, except for slower reaction times in AIQ participants.

    Conclusions:

    • Neural efficiency in executive function is task- and region-specific, challenging a universal "more or less" brain activity model.
    • Higher intelligence may involve more efficient cognitive strategies, particularly in planning and feedback processing.
    • Caution is advised when interpreting brain activation differences between groups with varying IQs, such as clinical and control samples.