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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Measurements of Local Instantaneous Convective Heat Transfer in a Pipe - Single and Two-phase Flow

Measurements of Local Instantaneous Convective Heat Transfer in a Pipe - Single and Two-phase Flow

Published on: April 30, 2018

The relationship between surface temperature, tissue temperature, microbubble formation, and steam pops.

Nathaniel Thompson¹, Daniel Lustgarten, Bryan Mason

¹Fletcher Allen Health Care/University of Vermont-Cardiology, Mc-Clure 1, Cardiology 111 Colchester Ave, Burlington, VT 05401, USA.

Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology : PACE

|July 4, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Microbubble (MB) formation, specifically type II microbubbles (MBII), is an unreliable indicator of tissue temperature during radiofrequency (RF) power delivery. MBII should not be used for titrating RF power due to poor correlation with steam pops and tissue heating.

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Measurements of Local Instantaneous Convective Heat Transfer in a Pipe - Single and Two-phase Flow

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Published on: April 30, 2018

A Microfluidic System with Surface Patterning for Investigating Cavitation Bubble(s)–Cell Interaction and the Resultant Bioeffects at the Single-cell Level

A Microfluidic System with Surface Patterning for Investigating Cavitation Bubble(s)–Cell Interaction and the Resultant Bioeffects at the Single-cell Level

Published on: January 10, 2017

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Medical Devices
Ablation Technologies

Background:

Radiofrequency (RF) power titration for tissue ablation is critical for safety and efficacy.
Microbubble (MB) formation has been proposed as a real-time monitoring method for RF power delivery.
Previous studies suggest MB formation may be an insensitive indicator of actual tissue temperature.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the relationship between microbubble formation and tissue/surface temperatures during RF delivery.
To determine if type II microbubble (MBII) formation is a reliable predictor of steam pops.
To assess the sensitivity of MBII as an indicator for safe RF power titration.

Main Methods:

An in vitro bovine heart model was utilized to simulate RF delivery conditions.
Surface and tissue temperatures were meticulously measured during RF ablation.
The occurrence of steam pops and type II microbubble (MBII) formation was recorded and analyzed.
Sensitivity analysis was performed for MBII as a predictor of steam pops and high surface temperatures (>80°C).

Main Results:

Out of 105 lesions, 99 steam pops occurred; only 21 were preceded by MBII.
MBII formation was observed in 26 lesions, with 5 not associated with steam pops.
MBII onset correlated with higher surface temperatures (87°C) compared to tissue temperatures (78°C).
Steam pops correlated significantly with higher tissue temperatures (102°C) rather than surface temperatures (71°C).
The sensitivity of MBII for predicting steam pops was 21%, and 58% for surface temperatures >80°C.

Conclusions:

Type II microbubble (MBII) formation is more closely related to surface temperature than tissue temperature during RF delivery.
Steam pops are a more reliable indicator of critical tissue heating than MBII.
MBII is an insensitive marker for predicting steam pops and excessive surface temperatures.
The use of MBII for titrating RF power is not recommended due to its unreliability.