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Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers

Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers

The practical equivalent circuits of single-phase two-winding transformers exhibit significant deviations from their idealized versions due to the inherent properties of winding resistance and finite core permeability. These properties result in real and reactive power losses, affecting the transformer's performance. Understanding these deviations is crucial for designing more efficient transformers.
In a practical transformer, each winding exhibits resistance and leakage reactance. The winding...

Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios

Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios

In scenarios involving parallel transformers with disparate ratings, developing per-unit models requires accommodating off-nominal turns ratios. This situation arises when the selected base voltages are not proportional to the transformer’s voltage ratings. Consider a transformer where the rated voltages are related by the term a. If the chosen voltage bases satisfy a relationship involving term b, term c is defined as the ratio of these bases. This ratio is then substituted into the rated...

Transformers

Transformers

A device that transforms voltages from one value to another using induction is called a transformer. A transformer consists of two separate coils, or windings, wrapped around the same soft iron core. However, they are electrically insulated from each other.
The iron core has a substantial relative permeability. Therefore, the magnetic field lines generated due to the current in one winding are almost entirely confined within the core, such that the same magnetic flux permeates each turn of both...

The Ideal Transformer

The Ideal Transformer

In single-phase two-winding transformers, two windings are coiled around a magnetic core characterized by cross-sectional area A and magnetic permeability μ. A phasor current i1 enters the left winding while i2 exits the right winding, establishing the fundamental working of the transformer through electromagnetic principles.
Ampere's Law forms the basis of understanding the magnetic field within the transformer. It states that the integral of the magnetic field intensity's tangential component...

Energy Losses in Transformers

Energy Losses in Transformers

In an ideal transformer, it is assumed that there are no energy losses, and, hence, all the power at the primary winding is transferred to the secondary winding. However, in reality, the transformers always have some energy losses, and, hence, the output power obtained at the secondary winding is less than the input power at the primary winding due to energy losses.
There are four main reasons for energy losses in transformers.
The first cause can be the high resistance of the copper windings...

Types Of Transformers

Types Of Transformers

Transformers can provide desired voltages to a circuit by modifying the number of turns in the secondary windings.
If the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary winding to that of the primary winding is greater than one, then the transformer is said to be a step-up transformer. In a step-up transformer, the voltage at the secondary winding is greater than the voltage applied at the primary winding.
However, if this ratio is less than one, the transformer is said to be a step-down...

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Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

Published on: August 15, 2018

Tunable features of magnetoelectric transformers.

Shuxiang Dong, Junyi Zhai, Shashank Priya

IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control

|July 4, 2009

Summary

Magnetostrictive and piezoelectric composites act as tunable transformers. These materials achieve strong magnetoelectric effects and tunable voltage gain with applied magnetic fields.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrical Engineering
Physics

Background:

Magnetostrictive FeBSiC alloy ribbons and piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (Pb(Zr,Ti)O3) fibers were combined to create composite materials.
The composites were investigated under resonant conditions to explore their potential as tunable transformers.

Discussion:

The composite materials demonstrated a strong resonant magnetoelectric voltage coefficient, reaching up to 750 V/cm-Oe.
Tunable characteristics were achieved by applying small DC magnetic biases, ranging from -5 to 5 Oe.
These tunable features included a high voltage gain (-55 to 55) and significant current-to-voltage conversion (-2000 to 2000 V/A).

Key Insights:

The observed tunable transformer behavior is attributed to substantial alterations in the piezomagnetic coefficient and permeability of the magnetostrictive phase under applied DC magnetic fields.
The strong magnetoelectric voltage coefficient highlights the efficient coupling between magnetic and electric properties in the composite.

Outlook:

Further research could explore optimizing composite structures for enhanced magnetoelectric coupling and tunability.
Potential applications include novel sensors, actuators, and energy harvesting devices leveraging the tunable magnetoelectric properties.