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Precipitation Processes

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...

States of Water

States of Water

Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...

Precipitation of Ions

Precipitation of Ions

Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:

Types of Coprecipitation

Types of Coprecipitation

Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
Sometimes, ions in a crystal lattice can undergo isomorphous replacement by inclusions of similar charge and size. For...

Precipitation Gravimetry

Precipitation Gravimetry

Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Simulating Impacts of Ice Storms on Forest Ecosystems

Simulating Impacts of Ice Storms on Forest Ecosystems

Published on: June 30, 2020

Mars water-ice clouds and precipitation.

J A Whiteway¹, L Komguem, C Dickinson

¹Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. whiteway@yorku.ca

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|July 4, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Mars

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Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine

Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine

Published on: March 13, 2017

Area of Science:

Planetary Science
Atmospheric Science
Cloud Physics

Background:

Phoenix mission observed Martian water-ice clouds.
Clouds resemble Earth's cirrus clouds.
Fall streaks indicate ice crystal precipitation.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate Martian atmospheric water-ice clouds.
Understand cloud formation and precipitation processes.
Characterize the planetary boundary layer's role.

Main Methods:

Utilized the Phoenix mission's Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) instrument.
Analyzed atmospheric dust measurements.
Observed cloud structures and fall streaks.

Main Results:

Water-ice clouds detected at the top of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and near the ground.
PBL was well-mixed up to 4 km by daytime convection.
Clouds formed nightly in late summer as temperatures decreased.

Conclusions:

Martian water-ice clouds form nightly from upward-mixed water vapor.
Convection and turbulence play a key role in cloud formation.
Precipitation cycles involve ice crystals forming and falling back to the surface.