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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Nervous Tissue: Myelin01:25

Nervous Tissue: Myelin

The myelin sheath is a multilayered lipid and protein covering that insulates the axon of a neuron, enhancing the speed of nerve impulse conduction. Axons without this sheath are referred to as unmyelinated. Two types of neuroglia, Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) are responsible for producing myelin sheaths.
Schwann cells begin to form myelin sheaths around axons during fetal development. They wrap around a small...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Preparation of Rat Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cultures and Quantification of Oligodendrogenesis Using Dual-infrared Fluorescence Scanning
11:11

Preparation of Rat Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cultures and Quantification of Oligodendrogenesis Using Dual-infrared Fluorescence Scanning

Published on: February 17, 2016

Internodal myelination during development quantitated using X-ray diffraction.

Deepika Agrawal1, Rachel Hawk, Robin L Avila

  • 1Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3811, USA.

Journal of Structural Biology
|July 7, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

X-ray diffraction reveals age-related changes in myelin structure in mice. This study provides a baseline for detecting neurological pathologies during myelination.

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Published on: July 18, 2019

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Preparation of Rat Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cultures and Quantification of Oligodendrogenesis Using Dual-infrared Fluorescence Scanning
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X-ray Diffraction of Intact Murine Skeletal Muscle as a Tool for Studying the Structural Basis of Muscle Disease
08:26

X-ray Diffraction of Intact Murine Skeletal Muscle as a Tool for Studying the Structural Basis of Muscle Disease

Published on: July 18, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biophysics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Myelin formation, accretion, and stability are crucial for nervous system function.
  • Understanding myelin development is key for addressing neurological disorders.
  • X-ray diffraction (XRD) offers unique metrics for internodal myelin in unfixed tissue.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Establish a baseline of internodal myelin structure as a function of age in mice.
  • Utilize XRD to characterize age-dependent changes in myelin.
  • Provide data for detecting abnormal myelination pathologies.

Main Methods:

  • Employed X-ray diffraction (XRD) on whole, unfixed mouse tissue.
  • Analyzed myelin structural parameters across a wide age range (5 to 495 days).
  • Measured parameters including periodicity, myelin amount, membrane dimensions, and packing disorder.

Main Results:

  • Myelin amount increased with age in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS).
  • Three distinct age brackets showed significant changes in myelin structural parameters.
  • Specific changes in PNS included increased myelin period and lipid bilayer width, and decreased packing distortion and extracellular apposition width.
  • Specific changes in CNS included decreased myelin period and extracellular/cytoplasmic apposition widths, and increased lipid bilayer width.

Conclusions:

  • XRD provides a rapid method for assessing myelin structural integrity.
  • Age-dependent structural changes in myelin were identified in both PNS and CNS.
  • The established baseline can aid in the rapid detection of myelination abnormalities.