Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Colloidal precipitates

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...

Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects

Non-stoichiometric defects refer to a type of defect in the crystal structure of a compound where the ratio of its constituent elements deviates from the ideal stoichiometric ratio. There are two main types of non-stoichiometric defects: metal excess defects and metal deficiency defects.Metal excess defects occur when there is a slight surplus of metal ions than what is required by the stoichiometric ratio of the compound. For example, heating a sodium chloride crystal in sodium vapor results...

Corrosion

Corrosion

The degradation of metals due to natural electrochemical processes is known as corrosion. Rust formation on iron, tarnishing of silver, and the blue-green patina that develops on copper are examples of corrosion. Corrosion involves the oxidation of metals. Sometimes it is protective, such as the oxidation of copper or aluminum, wherein a protective layer of metal oxide or its derivatives forms on the surface, protecting the underlying metal from further oxidation. In other cases, corrosion is...

Exocrine Glands: Unicellular and Multicellular Glands

Exocrine Glands: Unicellular and Multicellular Glands

Exocrine glands are classified as unicellular and multicellular. The unicellular glands are scattered single cells, such as goblet cells, found in the mucous membranes of the small and large intestines. On the other hand, multicellular exocrine glands develop as secretory sheets, like the internal lining of the abdomen or chest. Such secretory sheets release their secretions directly into the lumen of these organs. In addition, some multicellular glands have deep-seated secretory units to...

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent – the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

The coral Oculina patagonica holobiont and its response to confinement, temperature, and Vibrio infections.

Microbiome·2024

Same author

An interchange property for the rooted phylogenetic subnet diversity on phylogenetic networks.

Journal of mathematical biology·2024

Same author

The <i>k</i>-Robinson-Foulds Dissimilarity Measures for Comparison of Labeled Trees.

Journal of computational biology : a journal of computational molecular cell biology·2024

Same author

Explicit solution of divide-and-conquer dividing by a half recurrences with polynomial independent term.

PloS one·2022

Same author

The Landscape of Virus-Host Protein-Protein Interaction Databases.

Frontiers in microbiology·2022

Same author

The Generalized Robinson-Foulds Distance for Phylogenetic Trees.

Journal of computational biology : a journal of computational molecular cell biology·2021

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

PLGA Nanoparticles Formed by Single- or Double-emulsion with Vitamin E-TPGS

PLGA Nanoparticles Formed by Single- or Double-emulsion with Vitamin E-TPGS

Published on: December 27, 2013

All that glisters is not galled.

Francesc Rosselló¹, Gabriel Valiente

¹Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain. cesc.rossello@uib.es

Mathematical Biosciences

|July 7, 2009

Summary

This study clarifies the relationships between four definitions of galled trees, which are evolutionary networks with isolated reticulation cycles. It establishes connections between these distinct but related network structures.

Area of Science:

Graph theory
Computational biology
Evolutionary biology

Background:

Galled trees, a type of evolutionary network, have multiple definitions in scientific literature.
Understanding these definitions is crucial for accurately modeling evolutionary processes.

Purpose of the Study:

To establish the precise relationships between four key definitions of galled trees.
To unify the understanding of these network structures in evolutionary studies.

Main Methods:

Comparative analysis of network definitions.
Formal mathematical comparisons of structural properties.

Main Results:

The study identifies the precise equivalences and distinctions between original galled trees, level-1 networks, nested networks (depth 1), and evolutionary networks with arc-disjoint reticulation cycles.

More Related Videos

Atom Probe Tomography Studies on the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Grain Boundaries

Atom Probe Tomography Studies on the Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ Grain Boundaries

Published on: April 22, 2013

Measuring the Behavioral Effects of Intraocular Scatter

Measuring the Behavioral Effects of Intraocular Scatter

Published on: February 18, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

PLGA Nanoparticles Formed by Single- or Double-emulsion with Vitamin E-TPGS

PLGA Nanoparticles Formed by Single- or Double-emulsion with Vitamin E-TPGS

Published on: December 27, 2013

Atom Probe Tomography Studies on the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Grain Boundaries

Atom Probe Tomography Studies on the Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ Grain Boundaries

Published on: April 22, 2013

Measuring the Behavioral Effects of Intraocular Scatter

Measuring the Behavioral Effects of Intraocular Scatter

Published on: February 18, 2021

A clear framework for understanding these related network types is presented.

Conclusions:

The findings provide a unified perspective on galled trees and related network models.
This work facilitates more consistent and accurate applications of these models in evolutionary research.