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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

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Changes over time in canine retraction: an implant study.

Renato Parsekian Martins1, Peter H Buschang, Luiz Gonzaga Gandini

  • 1FAEPO/UNESP and FAMOSP/GESTOS, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil. dr_renatopmartins@hotmail.com

American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics
|July 7, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Canine retraction rates increased during the second month of treatment. Maxillary canines showed controlled tipping, while mandibular canines experienced uncontrolled tipping, indicating different movement patterns during orthodontic retraction.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthodontics
  • Biomechanical analysis
  • Dental imaging

Background:

  • Canine retraction is a critical phase in orthodontic treatment.
  • Understanding canine movement dynamics is essential for predictable treatment outcomes.
  • Rate changes during retraction are expected due to biomechanical factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the rate of canine movement during the initial 2 months of continuous retraction.
  • To compare canine movement between the maxilla and mandible.
  • To evaluate tipping and intrusion/extrusion of canine cusps and apices.

Main Methods:

  • Ten patients with bone markers in the maxilla and mandible underwent canine retraction using T-loop springs.
  • Standardized cephalograms were taken every 28 days for 2 months.

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  • Radiographs were digitized, superimposed using bone markers, and analyzed for cusp and apex movement.

    • Main Results:

    • Canine cusp retraction rates increased from the first to the second 4-week period.
    • Maxillary canines retracted 3.2 mm (1.1 mm in first 4 weeks, 2.1 mm in second 4 weeks).
    • Mandibular canines retracted 3.8 mm (1.1 mm in first 4 weeks, 2.7 mm in second 4 weeks), with apex protraction and intrusion observed.

    Conclusions:

    • Canine retraction rate accelerates in the second month of treatment.
    • Maxillary canines exhibited controlled tipping, whereas mandibular canines showed uncontrolled tipping.
    • Differential movement patterns between maxillary and mandibular canines were observed.