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Related Concept Videos

Hydrolysis01:15

Hydrolysis

Overview
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which the addition of water breaks down a polymer into its simpler monomer units. For example, peptides break into amino acids, carbohydrates into simple sugars, and DNA into nucleotides. Enzymes often facilitate these processes.
Hydrolysis Reverses Dehydration Synthesis
Complex carbohydrates can be broken down by breaking the bonds between individual sugar units. The reaction breaks a glycosidic bond as water is added to the compound. The...
Glycosaminoglycans01:23

Glycosaminoglycans

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), also known as mucopolysaccharides, are long and linear polymers comprising of specific repeating disaccharides - the amino sugar that can be N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine, and a uronic acid that is usually glucuronic acid or iduronic acid.
GAGS are found in the extracellular matrix of vertebrates, invertebrates, and bacteria. Due to their polar nature they attract water, and serve as excellent lubricants or shock absorbers in an animal body.
Hyaluronic...
Lysosomal Hydrolases01:22

Lysosomal Hydrolases

Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
Phase II Reactions: Glucuronidation01:24

Phase II Reactions: Glucuronidation

Glucuronidation, a pivotal phase II biotransformation process, involves the coupling of glucuronic acid to a drug or xenobiotic. Given its widespread occurrence and critical role in drug metabolism, it's considered the most crucial phase II reaction. It enhances the water solubility of substances, aiding their expulsion from the body. The driving force behind these reactions is a group of enzymes known as UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). UGTs facilitate the transfer of a glucuronic acid...
Proteoglycans01:05

Proteoglycans

Glycans, a class of complex heterogeneous molecules, can be covalently attached to proteins to form glycosylated proteins that regulate various physiological and pathological processes. Glycosylated proteins or glycoproteins comprise N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides. O-glycosylation is the most common type of protein glycosylation. Here, glycans attach to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl groups of Serine or Threonine residues. O-linked glycosylation occurs later in protein processing,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

In Vitro Investigation of the Effects of the Hyaluronan-Rich Extracellular Matrix on Neural Crest Cell Migration
11:16

In Vitro Investigation of the Effects of the Hyaluronan-Rich Extracellular Matrix on Neural Crest Cell Migration

Published on: February 10, 2023

[Hyaluronidase: Here we go again].

B Etesse1, L Beaudroit, M Deleuze

  • 1Pôle Anesthésie-Douleur-urgences-Réanimation, Groupe Hospitalo-Universitaire Carémeau, 30029 Nîmes cedex 09, France.

Annales Francaises D'Anesthesie Et De Reanimation
|July 7, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hyaluronidase (H) improves ophthalmic anesthesia by enhancing block quality and reducing intraocular pressure. Despite its benefits, H is unavailable in France, but recombinant H may offer a future solution.

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Glycoproteomics of the Extracellular Matrix: A Method for Intact Glycopeptide Analysis Using Mass Spectrometry
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

In Vitro Investigation of the Effects of the Hyaluronan-Rich Extracellular Matrix on Neural Crest Cell Migration
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In Vitro Investigation of the Effects of the Hyaluronan-Rich Extracellular Matrix on Neural Crest Cell Migration

Published on: February 10, 2023

Glycoproteomics of the Extracellular Matrix: A Method for Intact Glycopeptide Analysis Using Mass Spectrometry
14:02

Glycoproteomics of the Extracellular Matrix: A Method for Intact Glycopeptide Analysis Using Mass Spectrometry

Published on: April 21, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Anesthesiology
  • Pharmacology

Context:

  • Hyaluronidase (H) has been utilized as an adjuvant in ophthalmic anesthesia for over 50 years.
  • Its use aims to improve anesthetic efficacy and mitigate potential complications.
  • Current unavailability of H in France presents a clinical challenge.

Purpose:

  • To review the advantages and adverse effects of hyaluronidase in ophthalmic anesthesia.
  • To discuss the current lack of availability of hyaluronidase in French clinical practice.
  • To explore the potential of recombinant hyaluronidase as a future alternative.

Summary:

  • Hyaluronidase acts as a "spreading factor," enhancing regional anesthesia quality and onset speed in ophthalmic surgery.
  • It helps limit acute intraocular pressure spikes post-injection and may protect against local anesthetic-induced myotoxicity, reducing strabismus.
  • Despite a long history of use, studies on H have yielded varied results, and it is currently unavailable in France.

Impact:

  • Hyaluronidase appears to be a valuable adjunct for improving ophthalmic anesthesia outcomes.
  • The unavailability of H in France necessitates exploration of alternatives.
  • Recombinant hyaluronidase presents a promising future solution for ophthalmic anesthesia practices.