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Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota

The human gut microbiome includes a diverse array of microbial species, including beneficial commensals and opportunistic pathogens, which interact to support host health. These microbes contribute to essential functions such as nutrient metabolism, immune system modulation, and maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity. However, disruptions to this equilibrium—referred to as dysbiosis—can have widespread physiological consequences.Dysbiosis is often characterized by reduced microbial...
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Clinical Significance of Antibiotic Resistance

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) presents a critical public health threat, arising from its capacity to resist β-lactam antibiotics due to acquisition of the mecA gene within the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). This gene encodes penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which impairs binding efficacy of methicillin and other β-lactams. MRSA has evolved into distinct clonal lineages impacting humans and animals alike, reinforcing its significance within the One...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease V: Surgical Management

Surgical interventions for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are essential in managing symptoms and addressing complications. The selection of surgical procedures is contingent upon the specific conditions and complications that stem from these illnesses.
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Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...
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Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment
12:58

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

Published on: May 25, 2017

Clostridium difficile infection: current perspectives.

Jacqueline Janka1, Naomi P O'Grady

  • 1Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.

Current Opinion in Critical Care
|July 7, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) presents new challenges in critical care due to evolving subtypes and increased risk factors. Updated knowledge on diagnosis, severity, and treatment is crucial for managing this growing healthcare burden.

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Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291
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Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

Published on: December 10, 2016

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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment
12:58

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

Published on: May 25, 2017

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291
06:51

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

Published on: December 10, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in healthcare.
  • Recent years have seen unprecedented clinical manifestations, increased toxigenicity, and resistance in CDI subtypes.
  • Expanded epidemiology and a growing list of risk factors necessitate a re-evaluation of CDI management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss current trends and research in Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) within critical care settings.
  • To address new controversies influencing clinical practice for CDI.
  • To provide critical care practitioners with relevant knowledge for managing CDI.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on Clostridium difficile infection (CDI).
  • Analysis of evolving epidemiological trends and clinical manifestations.
  • Synthesis of research on diagnostic approaches and treatment strategies.

Main Results:

  • CDI research is intense and comprehensive, focusing on critical care settings.
  • Key knowledge areas for practitioners include CDI diagnosis, disease severity assessment, the role of proton pump inhibitors, and management of refractory/relapsing disease.
  • The economic impact of CDI is substantial, adding billions to US healthcare costs annually.

Conclusions:

  • Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has evolved, presenting a new pattern of morbidity and mortality.
  • Annual healthcare costs associated with CDI have significantly increased.
  • Healthcare practices and knowledge must adapt to effectively combat the current challenges posed by CDI.