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Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...

Allergic Reactions

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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...

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Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis

Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis

Published on: May 31, 2021

Acute urticaria in children.

Shih-Wen Huang¹

¹Division of Pulmonology/Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA. huangsw@peds.ufl.edu

Pediatrics and Neonatology

|July 8, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Acute urticaria is a common pediatric emergency. This review discusses its presentation and management in children, highlighting key considerations for emergency department care.

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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis

Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis

Published on: May 31, 2021

Area of Science:

Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Dermatology
Allergy and Immunology

Background:

Urticaria, commonly known as hives, is a frequent dermatological condition in children.
Acute urticaria presents a diagnostic and management challenge in pediatric emergency settings.
The article by Liu et al. in Pediatrics and Neonatology serves as a basis for this review.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive review of acute urticaria in the pediatric population.
To discuss the clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, and management strategies for pediatric urticaria.
To emphasize the importance of recognizing and appropriately treating acute urticaria in emergency departments.

Main Methods:

Literature review of pediatric urticaria management.
Analysis of clinical presentation and common etiologies.
Discussion of evidence-based treatment guidelines.

Main Results:

Acute urticaria in children is often idiopathic but can be triggered by infections or allergens.
Antihistamines are the mainstay of treatment, with corticosteroids sometimes indicated.
Most cases resolve within 24-48 hours, but recurrent episodes require further investigation.

Conclusions:

Prompt recognition and appropriate management of acute urticaria are crucial in pediatric emergency care.
Understanding the common causes and effective treatments can improve patient outcomes.
Further research into the long-term management of recurrent urticaria in children is warranted.