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Related Concept Videos

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...
Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
Staphylococcal Skin Infections01:29

Staphylococcal Skin Infections

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive coccus that resides harmlessly on the skin and mucous membranes of healthy individuals. When the skin barrier is breached, it can shift from a commensal to an opportunistic pathogen. This transition is facilitated by surface adhesins, such as clumping factor B and S. aureus surface protein G (SasG), which bind to structural proteins, including loricrin and cytokeratin, in the damaged epidermis. Protein A, another key factor, binds the Fc region of...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...
Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis
08:25

Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Published on: September 26, 2022

Systemic contact dermatitis.

Rajiv I Nijhawan1, Matthew Molenda, Matthew J Zirwas

  • 1Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.

Dermatologic Clinics
|July 8, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Systemic contact dermatitis (SCD) is a widespread skin rash from allergen exposure. Early diagnosis and management of SCD are crucial for patient well-being.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Allergology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Systemic contact dermatitis (SCD) presents as a widespread skin eruption due to systemic allergen exposure.
  • The precise pathological mechanisms underlying SCD are not fully understood.
  • Nonspecific presentations can challenge clinical suspicion, yet SCD is vital in recalcitrant or recurrent dermatitis cases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of Systemic Contact Dermatitis (SCD).
  • To describe common allergens implicated in SCD.
  • To offer insights into the potential mechanisms of action in SCD.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on Systemic Contact Dermatitis.
  • Analysis of clinical presentations and diagnostic methods.
  • Discussion of common allergens and pathomechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Patch testing frequently identifies nickel or balsam of Peru as allergens in SCD patients.
  • Diagnosis and management significantly improve patient outcomes.
  • Common allergens and potential mechanisms are detailed.

Conclusions:

  • Systemic contact dermatitis requires consideration in persistent dermatitis cases.
  • Identifying allergens like nickel and balsam of Peru is key.
  • Understanding SCD mechanisms can guide treatment and improve patient quality of life.