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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
Seizures l: Introduction01:20

Seizures l: Introduction

Understanding seizures and epilepsy relies on key definitions that help in recognizing, classifying, and managing these disorders. These definitions provide a framework for recognizing, classifying, and managing seizure disorders.DefinitionsA seizure is a sudden, abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in awareness, movement, sensation, or behavior, depending on the area involved. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures,...
Seizures ll: Types01:19

Seizures ll: Types

Seizures are sudden bursts of abnormal electrical discharge in the brain that interfere with normal function. They are commonly divided into three groups: focal seizures, generalized seizures, and other types that do not fit neatly into either category.Focal SeizuresFocal seizures begin in a single brain region. When awareness is preserved, they are called focal aware seizures and may cause sensations such as tingling, unusual smells, or flashing lights. When awareness is impaired, they are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

A Model for Epilepsy of Infectious Etiology using Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus
05:33

A Model for Epilepsy of Infectious Etiology using Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus

Published on: June 23, 2022

Seizures in encephalitis: predictors and outcome.

U K Misra1, J Kalita

  • 1Department of Neurology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareily Road, Lucknow 226014, India. drukmisra@rediffmail.com

Seizure
|July 8, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Seizures affect nearly half of encephalitis patients, particularly children with low Glasgow Coma Scale scores and cortical involvement. These seizures are linked to poorer outcomes but not mortality.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epileptology

Background:

  • Seizures are a frequent complication of encephalitis, yet comprehensive studies on their predictors are limited.
  • Understanding seizure predictors is crucial for managing encephalitis patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the frequency and predictors of seizures in encephalitis patients.
  • To assess the impact of seizures on patient outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective hospital-based study evaluated 148 encephalitis patients.
  • Clinical assessment, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scoring, neurological examination, blood tests, EEG, MRI, and CSF analysis were performed.
  • Encephalitis was diagnosed using ELISA and PCR, categorized into herpes, Japanese, dengue, and non-specific types.

Main Results:

  • Seizures occurred in 42.6% of patients, with status epilepticus in 18%.
  • Herpes encephalitis had the highest seizure frequency (75%), followed by Japanese encephalitis (54%).
  • Predictors included younger age, lower GCS scores, and cortical involvement on MRI. Seizures were associated with poor outcomes but not mortality.

Conclusions:

  • Encephalitis is associated with seizures in 42.6% of cases.
  • Children, patients with low GCS scores, and those with cortical MRI findings are at higher risk.
  • Seizures correlate with adverse outcomes in encephalitis.