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Related Concept Videos

Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form dimers that...
Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
Overview of DNA Repair02:25

Overview of DNA Repair

In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
Chemically...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

A Fluorescence-based Exonuclease Assay to Characterize DmWRNexo, Orthologue of Human Progeroid WRN Exonuclease, and Its Application to Other Nucleases
06:10

A Fluorescence-based Exonuclease Assay to Characterize DmWRNexo, Orthologue of Human Progeroid WRN Exonuclease, and Its Application to Other Nucleases

Published on: December 23, 2013

DNA watermarks in non-coding regulatory sequences.

Dominik Heider1, Martin Pyka, Angelika Barnekow

  • 1Department of Experimental Tumorbiology, University of Münster, Badestr, 9, D-48149 Münster, Germany. dominik.heider@uni-due.de

BMC Research Notes
|July 9, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

DNA watermarking can impact gene function. While some RNA molecules remained intact, integrating watermarks into regulatory DNA regions like promoters is not recommended due to potential deactivation.

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Wild-type Blocking PCR Combined with Direct Sequencing as a Highly Sensitive Method for Detection of Low-Frequency Somatic Mutations
10:41

Wild-type Blocking PCR Combined with Direct Sequencing as a Highly Sensitive Method for Detection of Low-Frequency Somatic Mutations

Published on: March 29, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biotechnology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • DNA watermarking aids in identifying unauthorized GMO use.
  • The DNA-Crypt algorithm encrypts information into coding DNA sequences.
  • Non-coding DNA, including functional RNA and regulatory sequences, may be affected by watermarking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of DNA watermarking on non-coding DNA sequences.
  • To assess the impact of DNA watermarks on small cytoplasmic RNA 1 (scR1) in yeast and the lac promoter in E. coli.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the DNA-Crypt algorithm for watermarking.
  • Introduced watermarks into yeast scR1 and E. coli lac promoter regions.
  • Analyzed the functional integrity of watermarked sequences by assessing yeast growth characteristics and promoter activity.

Main Results:

  • Watermarking the lac promoter led to its deactivation.
  • Watermarked RNA molecules showed altered configurations but remained functionally intact.
  • A second, overlapping watermark in the lac promoter did not affect its activity.

Conclusions:

  • Watermarking can alter RNA configurations and deactivate regulatory sequences.
  • While some non-coding sequences may tolerate watermarking, generalization is not advised.
  • Integration of watermark sequences into regulatory regions is not recommended.