Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...

Menses Phase

Menses Phase

The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
When fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum deteriorates, causing a significant drop in the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body. This hormonal decrease triggers the release of prostaglandins, which cause the uterine...

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.

The Menstrual Cycle

The Menstrual Cycle

The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a uterine...

Ovarian Cycle

Ovarian Cycle

The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle length...

Secretory Phase

Secretory Phase

The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, spanning from day 14 to 28 in a typical 28-day cycle, is a period of significant physiological changes in the female reproductive system. This phase commences immediately after ovulation and is characterized by the preparation of the endometrium for potential embryo implantation.
Following ovulation, the corpus luteum, a temporary endocrine structure, produces progesterone and estrogens. These hormones stimulate the growth and coiling of endometrial...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

A Rare Case of Ovarian Abscess Secondary to <i>Salmonella typhi</i> Infection in Women with MRKH: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology of India·2025

Same author

Cytokines and Pentraxin 3 Levels in Unexplained Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: Role of Oral Micronized Progesterone Therapy as Immunomodulator on Their Levels and Pregnancy Outcome, a Prospective Comparative Study.

Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology of India·2025

Same author

Retrograde filling of non-communicating horn of Robert's uterus for successful hysteroscopic metroplasty - Surgical technique innovation.

European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology·2025

Same author

Dynamic proportional loss of functional connectivity revealed change of left superior frontal gyrus in subjective cognitive decline: an explanatory study based on Chinese and Western cohorts.

GeroScience·2025

Same author

Oral dydrogesterone versus oral micronized progesterone in threatened miscarriage: protocol paper for a randomized controlled trial.

Reproduction & fertility·2025

Same author

A Phase III, Double-Blind, Randomized, Multicenter, Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of a Fixed-Dose Combination of Metformin Hydrochloride and Myo-Inositol Compared to Metformin in Patients With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

Cureus·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Auricular Point Acupressure Therapy: A Safe and Effective Treatment for Postsurgical Abortion Recovery

Auricular Point Acupressure Therapy: A Safe and Effective Treatment for Postsurgical Abortion Recovery

Published on: February 3, 2026

Post-hysterectomy menstruation: a rare phenomenon.

Basil Trench Lyngdoh¹, Alka Kriplani, Pradeep Garg

¹Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India. basillyngdoh@gmail.com

Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics

|July 9, 2009

Summary

Post-menopausal bleeding after hysterectomy is rare, often caused by conditions like endometriosis of the vaginal vault. This rare cause requires consideration in differential diagnoses for accurate patient management.

More Related Videos

Introduction of Intracapsular Rotary-cut Procedures (IRCP): A Modified Hysteromyomectomy Procedures Facilitating Fertility Preservation

Introduction of Intracapsular Rotary-cut Procedures (IRCP): A Modified Hysteromyomectomy Procedures Facilitating Fertility Preservation

Published on: January 17, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Auricular Point Acupressure Therapy: A Safe and Effective Treatment for Postsurgical Abortion Recovery

Auricular Point Acupressure Therapy: A Safe and Effective Treatment for Postsurgical Abortion Recovery

Published on: February 3, 2026

Introduction of Intracapsular Rotary-cut Procedures (IRCP): A Modified Hysteromyomectomy Procedures Facilitating Fertility Preservation

Introduction of Intracapsular Rotary-cut Procedures (IRCP): A Modified Hysteromyomectomy Procedures Facilitating Fertility Preservation

Published on: January 17, 2019

Area of Science:

Gynecology
Oncology

Background:

Post-menopausal bleeding (PMB) is a common gynecological concern, typically occurring in women aged 50-60.
While PMB has various causes, bleeding after a hysterectomy is significantly rarer.
Potential causes include atrophic vaginitis, cervical stump cancer, ovarian tumors, and endocrine abnormalities.

Observation:

This case highlights vaginal vault endometriosis as an unusual cause of post-menopausal bleeding.
Endometriosis of the vaginal vault can mimic other pathologies presenting with PMB.
Other differential diagnoses for post-hysterectomy bleeding include bladder pathology and rectovaginal fistula from diverticulitis.

Findings:

Vault endometriosis is a rare but important differential diagnosis for post-menopausal bleeding in patients who have undergone hysterectomy.
Accurate diagnosis is crucial to rule out more serious conditions such as malignancy.

Implications:

Clinicians should consider vault endometriosis in the differential diagnosis of post-menopausal bleeding, especially in patients with a history of hysterectomy.
Early recognition and diagnosis of vault endometriosis can lead to timely and appropriate management, improving patient outcomes.