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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...

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Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

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Published on: June 7, 2018

In situ phase separation following dehydration in bimetallic sulfates: a variable-temperature X-ray diffraction

Diptikanta Swain¹, Tayur N Guru Row

¹Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.

Inorganic Chemistry

|July 10, 2009

Summary

Dehydration of hydrated bimetallic sulfates can induce a single-crystal to single-crystal transition, forming new structures and a polycrystalline phase. This study investigates this transformation in sodium manganese and potassium cadmium sulfates.

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Sulfate Separation by Selective Crystallization with a Bis-iminoguanidinium Ligand

Sulfate Separation by Selective Crystallization with a Bis-iminoguanidinium Ligand

Published on: September 8, 2016

Area of Science:

Crystallography
Materials Science
Inorganic Chemistry

Background:

Hydrated bimetallic sulfates can undergo structural changes upon dehydration.
Understanding these transformations is key to predicting mineral formation and material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the single-crystal to single-crystal transition during dehydration of specific hydrated bimetallic sulfates.
To characterize the resulting structural frameworks and polycrystalline phases.

Main Methods:

In situ variable-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed.
Structural analysis of dehydrated phases was performed.

Main Results:

Phase separation was observed during dehydration, leading to a single-crystal to single-crystal transition and a polycrystalline phase.
For Na(2)Mn(1.167)(SO(4))(2)S(0.33)O(1.167) x 2 H(2)O, a monoclinic phase (C2/c) related to Na(2)Mn(SO(4))(2) was identified.
For K(4)Cd(3)(SO(4))(5) x 3 H(2)O, a cubic phase (P2(1)3) corresponding to K(2)Cd(2)(SO(4))(3) was determined.

Conclusions:

Dehydration of hydrated bimetallic sulfates can generate novel structural frameworks.
The observed transitions provide insights into precursor phases for mineral formation.