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Related Experiment Video

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Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics (BM-PROMA)

Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics (BM-PROMA)

Published on: August 28, 2021

Operation-specific effects of numerical surface form on arithmetic strategy.

Jamie I D Campbell¹, Nicole M Alberts

¹Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada. jamie.campbell@usask.ca

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition

|July 10, 2009

Summary

Adults use memory retrieval for math facts, but word formats (e.g., "four + eight") decrease retrieval use compared to digit formats (e.g., 4 + 8), shifting to procedural strategies.

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Numerical Cognition
Mathematical Cognition

Background:

Educated adults primarily use direct memory retrieval for simple addition.
Retrieval use is reported less for written-word math problems compared to digit formats.
This suggests a potential shift to procedural strategies based on operand format.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the hypothesis that retrieval efficiency is lower for word operands, promoting procedural strategy shifts.
To examine how numeral format influences strategy selection in arithmetic calculations.
To understand the interplay between retrieval efficiency, arithmetic operations, and numeral format.

Main Methods:

Experiment 1 compared retrieval usage for addition and subtraction in word versus digit formats.
Experiment 2 compared retrieval usage for division and multiplication in word versus digit formats.
Participants' strategy use (retrieval vs. procedural) was analyzed based on operand format and arithmetic operation.

Main Results:

Word format led to greater costs on retrieval for addition (increased counting) than subtraction.
Word format led to greater costs on retrieval for division (increased multiplication-fact reference) than multiplication.
Strategy shifts away from retrieval were influenced by the efficiency of retrieval and availability of alternative strategies.

Conclusions:

Calculation processes are not fully abstracted from problem surface form; numeral format impacts strategy selection.
Retrieval efficiency for arithmetic is influenced by operation type and numeral format, affecting performance and strategy.
These findings highlight the interconnectedness of arithmetic factors like operation, size, and format in cognitive processes.