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Related Concept Videos

Genomics02:02

Genomics

Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
Reproductive Cloning01:27

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...
Reproductive Cloning01:27

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...
Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.
Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes02:19

Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes

A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred irrespective...
In vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Characterizing Mutational Load and Clonal Composition of Human Blood
07:58

Characterizing Mutational Load and Clonal Composition of Human Blood

Published on: July 11, 2019

Clone-based functional genomics.

Annick Bleys1, Mansour Karimi, Pierre Hilson

  • 1Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Gent, Belgium.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|July 10, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Functional genomics leverages annotated genomes to explore gene and protein functions. This review covers large-scale cloning techniques and available resources for systematic plant gene studies.

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Annotated genomes offer extensive data on gene structure and catalogs across species.
  • Advancements enable systematic investigation of gene and protein functions in biological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review functional genomics applications utilizing mass-produced cloned sequence repertoires.
  • To discuss techniques for large-scale cloning projects.
  • To provide an overview of available clone resources for model plant species and their applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on functional genomics techniques.
  • Analysis of methods for large-scale cloning (e.g., ORFeomes, silencing tag collections).
  • Compilation of available clone resources for model plants.

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Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms
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Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms

Published on: December 9, 2015

Reusable Single Cell for Iterative Epigenomic Analyses
10:28

Reusable Single Cell for Iterative Epigenomic Analyses

Published on: February 11, 2022

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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Characterizing Mutational Load and Clonal Composition of Human Blood
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Characterizing Mutational Load and Clonal Composition of Human Blood

Published on: July 11, 2019

Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms
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Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms

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Reusable Single Cell for Iterative Epigenomic Analyses
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Reusable Single Cell for Iterative Epigenomic Analyses

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Main Results:

  • Identification of novel techniques for functional genomics.
  • Discussion of ORFeomes and silencing tag collections as key resources.
  • Overview of current and scalable applications for plant gene studies.

Conclusions:

  • Functional genomics is advancing through large-scale cloning efforts.
  • Availability of clone resources facilitates systematic plant gene research.
  • Scalable applications are emerging for comprehensive plant biology studies.