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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

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Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors

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Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Treatments for gestational diabetes.

Nisreen Alwan¹, Derek J Tuffnell, Jane West

¹Nutritional Epidemiology Group, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, Worsley Building, Level 8, Room 9.01, Clarendon Way, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK, LS2 9JT.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

|July 10, 2009

Summary

Intensive treatment for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) reduces maternal and infant complications, but may increase labor induction. Further research is needed on specific treatments for GDM outcomes.

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A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

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Published on: February 28, 2013

Area of Science:

Obstetrics and Gynecology
Maternal-Fetal Medicine
Endocrinology

Background:

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects 3-6% of pregnancies, often managed intensively with monitoring, diet, and insulin.
Evidence supporting intensive GDM treatment's impact on perinatal outcomes is limited.
Key clinical question: Does GDM treatment improve perinatal outcomes?

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the effects of different gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) treatment strategies on maternal and infant health.
Evaluate intensive management versus routine antenatal care for GDM.
Assess outcomes of oral hypoglycemics versus insulin for GDM.

Main Methods:

Systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register.
Included RCTs compared alternative management strategies for GDM and impaired glucose tolerance in pregnancy.
Data extraction and analysis performed independently by two reviewers and a third author for consensus.

Main Results:

Eight RCTs (1418 women) were analyzed. No significant difference in Cesarean section rates between specific treatments and routine antenatal care (ANC).
Oral hypoglycemics showed a significant reduction in GDM treatment compared to insulin (RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.27-0.77).
Intensive treatment reduced pre-eclampsia risk (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.48-0.88) and perinatal morbidity (RR 0.32, 95% CI 0.14-0.73) for mild GDM, but increased labor induction rates (RR 1.33, 95% CI 1.13-1.57). Reduced risk of macrosomia (infants >4000g) and high birth weight percentile infants.

Conclusions:

Specific GDM treatments, including diet and insulin, reduce maternal and perinatal morbidity but are linked to increased labor induction.
Further research is necessary to evaluate the impact of various intensive GDM treatments (oral drugs, insulin) on short- and long-term infant outcomes.
Evidence supports intensive management for mild GDM, but optimal treatment strategies require further investigation.