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A spontaneous process is one that occurs naturally under certain conditions. A nonspontaneous process, on the other hand, will not take place unless it is “driven” by the continual input of energy from an external source. Processes have a natural tendency to occur in one direction under a given set of conditions. Water will naturally flow downhill (spontaneous process), but uphill flow (nonspontaneous process) requires outside intervention such as the use of a pump. Iron exposed to the earth’s...
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Certain mathematical functions exhibit unpredictable or highly variable behavior near specific input values, making direct evaluation of their limits challenging. This complexity may arise from rapid oscillations or irregular patterns that obscure the function’s trend. In such cases, the Squeeze Theorem offers a reliable method for determining limits.According to the Squeeze Theorem, if a function is confined between two other functions near a particular point, and both outer functions approach...
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Related Experiment Video

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Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling
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Published on: August 5, 2016

Spice: a never ending story?

Rainer Lindigkeit1, Anja Boehme, Ina Eiserloh

  • 1Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Braunschweig University of Technology, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany. r.lindigkeit@tu-bs.de

Forensic Science International
|July 11, 2009
PubMed
Summary

German authorities banned synthetic cannabinoids like CP 47,497-C8 and JWH-018 in "Spice" products. Post-ban, JWH-018 was replaced by JWH-073, a new designer drug, indicating ongoing illicit market adaptation.

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Chemistry
  • Pharmacology
  • Drug Enforcement

Background:

  • Non-traditional cannabinoids, active components in "Bio-Designer-Drugs" like "Spice", were prohibited by German Health Authorities on January 22nd, 2009.
  • The global spread of these substances is evidenced by the detection of CP 47,497-C8 in Europe and Japan.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize alkylaminoindoles, including CP 47,497-C8.
  • To develop and apply methods for detecting and quantifying psychoactive compounds in herbal blends.
  • To monitor the evolving landscape of designer drugs following regulatory action.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of alkylaminoindoles with alkyl chains C(3) to C(7).
  • Isolation and purification of CP 47,497-C8 from "Spice Gold".
  • Characterization using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry.
  • Quantification of psychoactive compounds in herbal blends using developed methods.

Main Results:

  • CP 47,497-C8 and JWH-018 were detected in herbal blends acquired before the December 2008 prohibition.
  • Post-prohibition samples (March 2009) still contained CP 47,497-C8 but JWH-018 was absent.
  • JWH-073, a C(4)-homolog of JWH-018, emerged as a replacement, detected at higher concentrations (5.8-22.9 mg/g).
  • Some new products contained no non-traditional cannabinoids, suggesting further market shifts.

Conclusions:

  • This study reports the first appearance of JWH-073 as a novel designer drug in the illicit market.
  • The presented data and analytical methods are crucial for accelerating the detection of emerging synthetic cannabinoids.
  • Regulatory actions necessitate continuous monitoring and adaptation of detection strategies for novel psychoactive substances.