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Related Concept Videos

Enzymes02:34

Enzymes

Inside living organisms, enzymes act as catalysts for many biochemical reactions involved in cellular metabolism. The role of enzymes is to reduce the activation energies of biochemical reactions by forming complexes with its substrates. The lowering of activation energies favor an increase in the rates of biochemical reactions.
Enzyme deficiencies can often translate into life-threatening diseases. For example, a genetic abnormality resulting in the deficiency of the enzyme G6PD...
Enzyme Inhibition01:30

Enzyme Inhibition

Inhibitors are molecules that reduce enzyme activity by binding to the enzyme. In a normally functioning cell, enzymes are regulated by a variety of inhibitors. Drugs and other toxins can also inhibit enzymes. Some inhibitors bind to the enzyme’s active site, while others inhibit enzymatic activity by binding to other sites on the protein structure.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay01:33

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

In 1971, Peter Perlman and Eva Engvall developed an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA or EIA). ELISA differs from western blot in that the assays are conducted in microtiter plates or in vivo rather than on an absorbent membrane.
There are many different types of ELISAs, but they all involve an antibody molecule whose constant region binds an enzyme, leaving the variable region free to bind its specific antigen.  Enzyme-substrate reaction allows the antigen to be visualized or quantified.
Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis01:13

Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

For many years, scientists thought that enzyme-substrate binding took place in a simple "lock-and-key" fashion. This model stated that the enzyme and substrate fit together perfectly in one instantaneous step. However, current research supports a more refined view scientists call induced fit. The induced-fit model expands upon the lock-and-key model by describing a more dynamic interaction between enzyme and substrate. As the enzyme and substrate come together, their interaction causes a mild...
Enzyme Kinetics01:19

Enzyme Kinetics

Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy of the reactants. The speed at which the enzyme turns reactants into products is called the rate of reaction. Several factors impact the rate of reaction, including the number of available reactants. Enzyme kinetics is the study of how an enzyme changes the rate of a reaction.
Scientists typically study enzyme kinetics with a fixed amount of enzyme in the controlled environment of a test tube. When more reactant, or substrate, is...
Enzyme-linked Receptors01:00

Enzyme-linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are proteins that act as both receptor and enzyme, activating multiple intracellular signals. This is a large group of receptors that include the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. Many growth factors and hormones bind to and activate the RTKs.
Neurotrophin (NT) receptors are a family of RTKs, including trkA, trkB, and trkC (tropomyosin-related kinase) receptors. TrkA is specific for nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-6, and neurotrophin-7. TrkB binds...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Hydrophobic Salt-modified Nafion for Enzyme Immobilization and Stabilization
11:16

Hydrophobic Salt-modified Nafion for Enzyme Immobilization and Stabilization

Published on: July 11, 2012

Advances in enzyme immobilisation.

Dean Brady1, Justin Jordaan

  • 1Enzyme Technologies, CSIR Biosciences, Ardeer Road, Private Bag X2, Modderfontein, 1645, South Africa. dbrady@csir.co.za

Biotechnology Letters
|July 11, 2009
PubMed
Summary

New immobilization strategies enhance enzyme binding and stability using advanced materials and methods like self-immobilisation. These improvements boost enzyme activity and selectivity for broader industrial applications.

Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Biocatalysis
  • Enzyme Engineering

Background:

  • Carrier-based enzyme immobilization is crucial for industrial biocatalysis.
  • Current methods face limitations in binding efficacy, stability, and capacity.
  • Need for advanced immobilization techniques to improve enzyme performance and expand applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and highlight recent advancements in enzyme immobilization strategies.
  • To discuss novel carrier materials and self-immobilization techniques.
  • To explore the benefits of enzyme immobilization beyond retention and stabilization.

Main Methods:

  • Development of hetero-functionalised supports for multipoint attachment.
  • Utilisation of new commercial resins (e.g., Sepabeads) with enhanced protein binding.

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Microfluidic On-chip Capture-cycloaddition Reaction to Reversibly Immobilize Small Molecules or Multi-component Structures for Biosensor Applications
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Microfluidic On-chip Capture-cycloaddition Reaction to Reversibly Immobilize Small Molecules or Multi-component Structures for Biosensor Applications

Published on: September 23, 2013

Immobilization of Multi-biocatalysts in Alginate Beads for Cofactor Regeneration and Improved Reusability
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Immobilization of Multi-biocatalysts in Alginate Beads for Cofactor Regeneration and Improved Reusability

Published on: April 22, 2016

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Hydrophobic Salt-modified Nafion for Enzyme Immobilization and Stabilization
11:16

Hydrophobic Salt-modified Nafion for Enzyme Immobilization and Stabilization

Published on: July 11, 2012

Microfluidic On-chip Capture-cycloaddition Reaction to Reversibly Immobilize Small Molecules or Multi-component Structures for Biosensor Applications
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Microfluidic On-chip Capture-cycloaddition Reaction to Reversibly Immobilize Small Molecules or Multi-component Structures for Biosensor Applications

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Immobilization of Multi-biocatalysts in Alginate Beads for Cofactor Regeneration and Improved Reusability
09:27

Immobilization of Multi-biocatalysts in Alginate Beads for Cofactor Regeneration and Improved Reusability

Published on: April 22, 2016

  • Implementation of novel enzyme self-immobilisation methods (CLEC, CLEA, Spherezyme).
  • Exploration of new carrier materials (Dendrispheres), encapsulation (PEI Microspheres), and entrapment techniques.

    • Main Results:

    • Hetero-functionalised supports improve binding efficacy and stability.
    • New resins show increased protein binding capacity.
    • Novel self-immobilisation methods offer efficient enzyme attachment.
    • Immobilized enzymes exhibit enhanced activity, altered selectivity, and enable multi-enzyme reactions.

    Conclusions:

    • Recent advances in enzyme immobilization significantly improve performance and stability.
    • New materials and methods expand the industrial utility of immobilized enzymes.
    • These developments pave the way for novel applications in biocatalysis and beyond.