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Related Concept Videos

Development of the Lymphatic System01:15

Development of the Lymphatic System

The development of lymphatic tissues and vessels in embryonic life begins around the fifth week. These structures originate from the mesoderm layer, with lymph sacs emerging from developing veins.
The first lymph sacs to form are the paired jugular lymph sacs located at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. From these sacs, lymphatic capillary plexuses extend to the thorax, upper limbs, neck, and head, eventually forming lymphatic vessels. Each jugular lymph sac maintains a...
Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...
Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
Notch Signaling Pathway03:14

Notch Signaling Pathway

The Notch signaling pathway is a major intracellular signaling pathway that is highly conserved over a broad spectrum of metazoan species. It stands unique from other intracellular signaling mechanisms in animals because notch protein itself acts as the receptor as well as the primary signaling molecule.
The Notch gene came into the limelight in 1914 after the discovery that its mutation in Drosophila melanogaster leads to a serrated (or "notched") wing margin phenotype. It was not until 1985...
Development of Blood Vessels01:07

Development of Blood Vessels

The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
The initial formation of this system is facilitated by the small amount of yolk present in the ovum and yolk sac. Blood vessels originate from...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Isolation of Human Lymphatic Endothelial Cells by Multi-parameter Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting
07:36

Isolation of Human Lymphatic Endothelial Cells by Multi-parameter Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting

Published on: May 1, 2015

Nuchal translucency and lymphatic system maldevelopment.

Carlo Bellini1, Mariangela Rutigliani, Francesco M Boccardo

  • 1Department of Pediatrics (DIPE), University of Genoa, Gaslini Institute, Genova, Italy. carlobellini@ospedale-gaslini.ge.it

Journal of Perinatal Medicine
|July 14, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Increased nuchal translucency (NT) in fetuses is linked to lymphatic system abnormalities. Histological examination revealed lymph vessel ectasia and malformations, suggesting delayed lymphatic development contributes to increased NT.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Isolation of Human Lymphatic Endothelial Cells by Multi-parameter Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting
07:36

Isolation of Human Lymphatic Endothelial Cells by Multi-parameter Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting

Published on: May 1, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Fetal Pathology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Immunohistochemistry

Background:

  • Increased nuchal translucency (NT) is a potential indicator of fetal aneuploidy and structural anomalies.
  • The underlying anatomical causes of increased NT are not fully understood, particularly concerning lymphatic system development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the histological and immunohistochemical features of the nuchal translucency area in aborted fetuses.
  • To assess the role of lymphatic system development and malformations in increased NT.

Main Methods:

  • Histological examination of 18 aborted fetuses with increased NT (11-14 weeks gestation).
  • Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis using lymphatic (D2-40, CD31) and blood endothelial (CD34) markers.
  • Assessment of smooth muscle actin (SMA) staining to differentiate between lymphangiectasia and cystic hygromas.

Main Results:

  • All cases showed D2-40 and CD31 positivity, and CD34 negativity, indicating nuchal lymph vessel ectasia.
  • 12/18 cases were SMA positive (cystic hygromas), while 6/18 were SMA negative (nuchal cystic lymphangiectasia).
  • Findings suggest lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic malformations are key factors in increased NT.

Conclusions:

  • Increased NT is associated with lymphatic malformations or delayed lymphatic system development.
  • Lymphangiogenesis plays a significant role in the development of nuchal edema and increased NT.
  • IHC analysis provides valuable insights into the etiology of increased NT.