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Related Concept Videos

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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Randomized Controlled Trial to Study the Acute Effects of Strength Exercise on Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Adults
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Effects of exercise training intensity on pancreatic beta-cell function.

Cris A Slentz1, Charles J Tanner, Lori A Bateman

  • 1Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA. cris.slentz@duke.edu

Diabetes Care
|July 14, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Moderate-intensity exercise training significantly improved beta-cell function in overweight adults more than vigorous-intensity training. Both exercise types enhance disposition index (DI), a marker of beta-cell function, but through different mechanisms.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Health
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes pathogenesis involves insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction.
  • Exercise training enhances insulin sensitivity, but its impact on beta-cell function is less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of different exercise training regimens on beta-cell function in sedentary, overweight adults.
  • To compare the impact of low/moderate intensity, low/vigorous intensity, and high/vigorous intensity exercise on insulin sensitivity and acute insulin response.

Main Methods:

  • Randomized controlled trial with 387 sedentary, overweight adults assigned to control or one of three 8-month exercise programs.
  • Measured insulin sensitivity (S(i)), acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg), and disposition index (DI = S(i) x AIRg) using intravenous glucose tolerance tests.
  • 260 participants completed the study with 237 providing complete data.

Main Results:

  • All exercise programs increased the disposition index (DI) compared to the control group.
  • Moderate-intensity exercise resulted in a significantly larger DI increase than vigorous-intensity exercise.
  • High-amount/vigorous-intensity exercise improved S(i) with a compensatory AIRg reduction; moderate-intensity exercise improved S(i) with minimal AIRg reduction. Control group showed increased fasting glucose.

Conclusions:

  • Both moderate- and vigorous-intensity exercise training improve beta-cell function, indicated by DI, via distinct mechanisms.
  • Moderate-intensity exercise led to a greater improvement in DI, suggesting a potential shift towards normal metabolic function.
  • Further long-term studies are needed to determine the optimal exercise strategy for reducing diabetes risk.