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Related Concept Videos

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Frost Action on Concrete

Concrete structures in cold climates, such as those along roadsides, can retain moisture. This moisture makes them susceptible to frost-related damage when temperatures fall below freezing. Adding moisture worsens the damage during temperature fluctuations, leading to repeated freezing and thawing. De-icing salts, spread over these structures to melt ice, add to the freeze-thaw cycle, and draw even more moisture into the concrete.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Cryogenic Liquid Jets for High Repetition Rate Discovery Science
08:34

Cryogenic Liquid Jets for High Repetition Rate Discovery Science

Published on: May 9, 2020

Do physical forces contribute to cryodamage?

Joseph Saragusty1, Haim Gacitua, Israel Rozenboim

  • 1Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel. saragusty@izw-berlin.de

Biotechnology and Bioengineering
|July 14, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mechanical damage, not just osmotic effects or intracellular ice, significantly harms cells during freezing. Increasing surface area contact during freezing, like with glass beads, exacerbates this damage, suggesting large volume freezing may reduce cryodamage.

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Measuring the Densities of Aqueous Glasses at Cryogenic Temperatures
09:50

Measuring the Densities of Aqueous Glasses at Cryogenic Temperatures

Published on: June 28, 2017

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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Cryogenic Liquid Jets for High Repetition Rate Discovery Science
08:34

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Published on: May 9, 2020

Measuring the Densities of Aqueous Glasses at Cryogenic Temperatures
09:50

Measuring the Densities of Aqueous Glasses at Cryogenic Temperatures

Published on: June 28, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Cryobiology
  • Cellular Biophysics

Background:

  • Current understanding of cryodamage focuses on osmotic effects and intracellular ice formation (the "two factor theory").
  • Mechanical damage during freezing has been largely overlooked as a significant factor in cell and tissue injury.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of mechanical damage in cryoinjury using bull sperm as a model.
  • To explore the relationship between surface area contact, intra-container pressure, and cryodamage during freezing.

Main Methods:

  • Directional freezing of bull sperm in large volumes with varying surface area contact (using glass balls of different diameters).
  • Post-thaw assessment of sperm motility, viability, acrosome integrity, and hypoosmotic swelling.
  • Cryomicroscopy to observe cell-ice-surface interactions and evaluation of intra-container pressure relative to volume.

Main Results:

  • Increased surface area contact between cells, ice crystals, and container surfaces correlated with greater cryodamage.
  • Decreased freezing volume led to increased intra-container pressure due to a higher surface area-to-volume ratio.
  • Mechanical squeezing between ice crystals and surfaces is proposed as a mechanism for cell damage.

Conclusions:

  • Mechanical damage is a critical, underappreciated factor in cryopreservation and cryosurgery.
  • Optimizing freezing protocols to minimize mechanical stress, potentially through large volume freezing, could reduce cryodamage.
  • Further research is needed to address heat dissipation challenges in large volume freezing.