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Related Concept Videos

Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition01:24

Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition

A revisionist approach to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development has brought new insights that challenge and reinterpret his established ideas. Piaget proposed that the formal operational stage, emerging in adolescence, represents the culmination of cognitive maturity. During this stage, individuals are said to develop abstract thinking, engage in systematic problem-solving, and show a form of egocentrism, believing others are as preoccupied with their behavior as they are themselves.
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Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?
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Groupthink

When in group settings, we are often influenced by the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors around us. Groupthink is another phenomenon of conformity where modification of the opinions of members in a group aligns with what they believe is the group consensus (Janis, 1972). In such situations, the group often takes action that individuals would not perform outside the group setting because groups make more extreme decisions than individuals do. Moreover, groupthink can hinder opposing trains of...
Critical Thinking01:19

Critical Thinking

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In order to make good decisions, we use our knowledge and our reasoning. Often, this knowledge and reasoning is sound and solid. However, sometimes, we are swayed by biases or by others manipulating a situation. For example, let’s say you and three friends wanted to rent a house and had a combined target budget of $1,600. The realtor shows you only very run-down houses for $1,600 and then shows you a very nice house for $2,000. Might you ask each person to pay more in rent to get the $2,000...
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Critical Thinking II

Critical thinking is a cognitive process with several attributes. The attributes of critical thinking include the following:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

New Variations for Strategy Set-shifting in the Rat
09:45

New Variations for Strategy Set-shifting in the Rat

Published on: January 23, 2017

STAR*D: revising conventional wisdom.

A John Rush1, Diane Warden, Stephen R Wisniewski

  • 1Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA. john.rush@duke-nus.sg

CNS Drugs
|July 15, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) study found that while initial antidepressant treatment remitted about one-third of adults with major depressive disorder, up to 67% achieved remission with up to four treatment steps. This highlights the importance of sustained treatment for depression.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Clinical Psychology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a prevalent and debilitating condition requiring effective treatment strategies.
  • Treatment resistance is common in MDD, necessitating research into sequential treatment approaches.
  • The Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) study aimed to evaluate various treatment options for MDD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the tolerability and effectiveness of sequenced, randomized treatment trials for major depressive disorder.
  • To compare different medication switch and augmentation strategies in patients with treatment-resistant depression.
  • To investigate the impact of achieving remission on long-term relapse rates.

Main Methods:

  • Enrolled 4041 adult outpatients with nonpsychotic MDD in 41 primary and specialty care settings.
  • Employed a multi-step, randomized trial design, allowing for medication switches or augmentations.
  • Collected data on symptom remission, adverse effects, and functional outcomes across treatment steps.

Main Results:

  • Approximately one-third of participants achieved remission with initial citalopram treatment.
  • No significant differences in remission rates were observed between different medication classes in step 2 switch or augmentation strategies.
  • While treatment resistance was associated with specific patient characteristics, approximately 67% of participants achieved remission with up to four treatment steps.
  • Achieving remission was strongly associated with lower relapse rates in follow-up.

Conclusions:

  • Sequential treatment approaches in STAR*D demonstrated that a significant majority of patients with MDD can achieve remission with adequate treatment duration and strategy.
  • Treatment resistance in MDD is linked to specific demographic and clinical factors, but sustained therapeutic efforts can overcome it.
  • The study underscores the critical importance of achieving full remission for preventing relapse in major depressive disorder.