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Related Concept Videos

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment01:24

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
Parkinson's Disease is primarily a result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The cornerstone of its...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is to...
Parkinson Disease l: Introduction01:24

Parkinson Disease l: Introduction

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Patients may notice hand tremors at rest, stiffness during movement, or a shuffling gait. In addition to motor features, non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood and behavioral changes, constipation, and cognitive impairment, all of which...
Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:24

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...
Antipsychotic Drugs: Typical and Atypical Agents01:21

Antipsychotic Drugs: Typical and Atypical Agents

Antipsychotic drugs are classified into first-generation (typical) drugs including phenothiazines; and second-generation (atypical) drugs. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride (Thorazine), a phenothiazine derivative, broadly impacts the central, autonomic, and endocrine systems. This drug, along with typical agents like haloperidol (Haldol), primarily works by antagonizing D2 receptors, thus reducing dopaminergic neurotransmission. However, typical antipsychotics can cause side effects such as sedation...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Neuropeptides in Parkinson's Disease
16:57

MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Neuropeptides in Parkinson's Disease

Published on: February 14, 2012

Zonisamide: in Parkinson's disease.

Lily P H Yang1, Caroline M Perry

  • 1Wolters Kluwer Health/Adis, Auckland, New Zealand. demail@adis.co.nz

CNS Drugs
|July 15, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Zonisamide, an antiepileptic drug, is now approved in Japan as an add-on treatment for Parkinson's disease patients already taking levodopa. This therapy significantly improved motor function in clinical trials with good tolerability.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting motor function.
  • Levodopa is a primary treatment, but many patients require adjunctive therapies.
  • Zonisamide, an antiepileptic drug, has shown potential in preclinical models for PD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of zonisamide as adjunctive therapy with levodopa in Parkinson's disease patients.
  • To assess the impact of zonisamide on motor function in inadequately controlled PD.

Main Methods:

  • Two 12-week, randomized, double-blind, multicentre trials were conducted.
  • Adult patients with inadequately controlled Parkinson's disease on levodopa were included.
  • Zonisamide 25 mg once daily was compared against placebo, with motor function assessed by UPDRS Part III.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Neuropeptides in Parkinson's Disease
16:57

MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Neuropeptides in Parkinson's Disease

Published on: February 14, 2012

Main Results:

  • Zonisamide 25 mg once daily significantly improved motor function compared to placebo.
  • The primary endpoint, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Part III total score, showed significant improvement.
  • Zonisamide was generally well tolerated, with no significant difference in adverse event incidence compared to placebo.

Conclusions:

  • Zonisamide 25 mg once daily is an effective and well-tolerated adjunctive therapy for Parkinson's disease patients inadequately controlled with levodopa.
  • The drug's approval in Japan marks a new treatment option for Parkinson's disease management.