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Related Concept Videos

Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a bonus...
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or playing an...
Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?
Behaviorism01:28

Behaviorism

The field of behaviorism was pioneered by figures such as Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner fundamentally shifted the focus of psychology to the observable and controllable aspects of human and animal behavior. This shift marked a critical evolution in the discipline, emphasizing scientific rigor and experimental methodology.
The core premise of behaviorism is its focus on observable behavior rather than internal thoughts or feelings. This approach argues that true scientific...
Law of Effect01:06

Law of Effect

B.F. Skinner, a prominent figure in behavioral psychology, introduced operant conditioning by emphasizing the role of consequences in shaping behavior. This theory builds upon the law of effect proposed by Edward Thorndike, which posits that behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes are likely to be repeated. In contrast, those followed by unsatisfying outcomes are less likely to recur.
Edward Thorndike's foundational work involved studying learning in animals, particularly using puzzle boxes...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques
08:05

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques

Published on: June 30, 2020

Learned predictiveness effects in humans: a function of learning, performance, or both?

M E Le Pelley1, M B Suret, T Beesley

  • 1School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales. lepelleyME@cf.ac.uk

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes
|July 15, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Learned predictiveness influences both how quickly associations form and the strength of behavioral responses. This study shows that past prediction accuracy impacts future learning and performance in humans.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques
08:05

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques

Published on: June 30, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Learning and Memory

Background:

  • Previous research shows a processing advantage for cues that accurately predict outcomes.
  • The precise mechanisms by which learned predictiveness affects associative learning are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether learned predictiveness influences the rate of association formation (learning) or the strength of behavioral responses (performance).
  • To determine if learned predictiveness affects one or both levels of associative learning.

Main Methods:

  • Four experiments involving human associative learning were conducted.
  • Researchers manipulated the retrospective learned predictiveness of cues and measured behavioral responses.
  • Experiment 4 assessed the impact of learned predictiveness on the acquisition of new associations.

Main Results:

  • Learned predictiveness was found to influence performance, as altering cue predictiveness affected behavioral responses.
  • Experiment 4 demonstrated that learned predictiveness also impacts learning, affecting the acquisition of novel cue-outcome associations.

Conclusions:

  • Learned predictiveness operates at both the performance and learning levels in human associative learning.
  • These findings clarify the role of predictive accuracy in shaping how individuals learn and respond to environmental cues.