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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Exosomes01:36

Overview of Exosomes

Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
Stahl et al. discovered exosomes in 1983, but the exosomes were initially considered waste products released from the...
Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
Receptor Downregulation in MVBs01:15

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that  lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR  stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive  EGFR activation may...

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Related Experiment Video

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Isolation and Characterization of RNA-Containing Exosomes
09:43

Isolation and Characterization of RNA-Containing Exosomes

Published on: January 9, 2012

Novel MHC class I structures on exosomes.

Sarah Lynch1, Susana G Santos, Elaine C Campbell

  • 1Bute Medical School, University of St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom.

Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
|July 15, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Exosomes, tiny vesicles from immune cells, can carry MHC class I dimers. These novel structures, formed via cysteine links, may play a role in immune recognition.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Exosomes are nanometer-sized vesicles released by various cell types.
  • Immune system cells release exosomes containing immune recognition molecules, such as MHC molecules.
  • MHC molecules are crucial for immune recognition and T-cell activation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and characteristics of MHC class I (MHC I) dimers on exosomes.
  • To determine the mechanism of MHC I dimer formation on exosomes.
  • To explore the potential role of exosomal MHC I dimers in immune recognition.

Main Methods:

  • Detection of MHC I dimers on exosomes using conformational-dependent antibodies.
  • Analysis of exosome composition and glutathione levels.
  • Investigation of cysteine residue involvement in dimer formation.

Main Results:

  • Exosomes display a significant proportion of their MHC I content as disulfide-linked MHC I dimers.
  • These dimers are found on exosomes from cell lines, dendritic cells, and in human plasma.
  • Dimer formation involves folded MHC I, can occur between different alleles, and is mediated by cysteine residues.

Conclusions:

  • Exosomal MHC I dimers are novel structures with unique characteristics.
  • Dimer formation is linked to lower glutathione levels within exosomes.
  • These exosomal MHC I dimers represent a new platform for immune receptor recognition.