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MicroRNAs

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...

MicroRNAs

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...

MicroRNAs

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...

piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs

piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs

PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...

Protein Networks

Protein Networks

An organism can have thousands of different proteins, and these proteins must cooperate to ensure the health of an organism. Proteins bind to other proteins and form complexes to carry out their functions. Many proteins interact with multiple other proteins creating a complex network of protein interactions.
These interactions can be represented through maps depicting protein-protein interaction networks, represented as nodes and edges. Nodes are circles that are representative of a protein,...

Protein Networks

Protein Networks

An organism can have thousands of different proteins, and these proteins must cooperate to ensure the health of an organism. Proteins bind to other proteins and form complexes to carry out their functions. Many proteins interact with multiple other proteins creating a complex network of protein interactions.
These interactions can be represented through maps depicting protein-protein interaction networks, represented as nodes and edges. Nodes are circles that are representative of a protein,...

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Updated: Jun 21, 2026

mirMachine: A One-Stop Shop for Plant miRNA Annotation

mirMachine: A One-Stop Shop for Plant miRNA Annotation

Published on: May 1, 2021

miRNAs: from biogenesis to networks.

Giuseppe Russo¹, Antonio Giordano

¹Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|July 15, 2009

Summary

Non-coding RNAs, especially microRNAs (miRNAs), offer a crucial layer of genetic regulation in eukaryotes. This summary covers miRNA history, biogenesis, function, discovery methods, disease links, and network analysis.

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genetics
Bioinformatics

Background:

Eukaryotic gene regulation involves classical mechanisms like alternative splicing and promoter control.
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) represent an additional, vital layer of genetic regulation.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a prominent class of ncRNAs, acting as major genome regulators.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive summary of the current knowledge in the microRNA field.
To highlight key aspects including history, biogenesis, and regulatory mechanisms.
To discuss computational approaches for miRNA and target site identification, as well as their roles in diseases and network analysis.

Main Methods:

Literature review and synthesis of existing research on microRNAs.

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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

mirMachine: A One-Stop Shop for Plant miRNA Annotation

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Published on: May 1, 2021

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Characterization of Functionally Associated miRNAs in Glioblastoma and their Engineering into Artificial Clusters for Gene Therapy

Characterization of Functionally Associated miRNAs in Glioblastoma and their Engineering into Artificial Clusters for Gene Therapy

Published on: October 4, 2019

Focus on historical development and established biological processes.

Integration of computational methodologies for miRNA and target prediction.

Analysis of disease associations and network interactions involving miRNAs.

Main Results:

MicroRNAs play a significant role in post-transcriptional gene regulation.
Diverse computational tools exist for identifying miRNAs and their targets.
miRNAs are implicated in a wide range of human diseases.
Network analysis reveals complex regulatory roles of miRNAs.

Conclusions:

MicroRNAs are essential regulators of gene expression with broad biological implications.
Understanding miRNA biology is crucial for advancing disease diagnosis and therapeutics.
Continued research in computational methods and network analysis will further elucidate miRNA functions.