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T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Primary Lymphoid Organs

Primary Lymphoid Organs

Primary lymphoid organs are pivotal in the formation, development, and maturation of lymphocytes, the white blood cells that serve as the backbone of our immune system. This crucial function underscores their fundamental role in maintaining our overall health and immunity. The two primary lymphoid organs of prime importance are the red bone marrow and the thymus.
The red bone marrow is a soft, spongy tissue nestled in the interior of long bones such as the humerus and femur. It is the site...

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4+ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse

In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4⁺ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse

Published on: October 25, 2024

Migration and function of Th17 cells.

Chang H Kim¹

¹Laboratory of Immunology and Hematopoiesis, Department of Comparative Pathobiology; School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. chkim@purdue.edu

Inflammation & Allergy Drug Targets

|July 16, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

T helper 17 (Th17) cells are crucial for fighting infections but can cause inflammation. Chemokine receptors, especially CCR6, guide Th17 cell migration to tissues, impacting immune responses and homeostasis.

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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4+ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse

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Published on: October 25, 2024

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Published on: September 26, 2013

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Mouse Naïve CD4⁺ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

Area of Science:

Immunology
Cell Biology

Background:

T helper 17 (Th17) cells are a distinct lineage of effector T cells crucial for host defense against fungal and bacterial pathogens.
Dysfunctional Th17 cells are implicated in autoimmune inflammatory diseases affecting various tissues.
Th17 cells express diverse chemokine receptors that mediate tissue-specific homing and function.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of chemokine receptors in Th17 cell migration and function.
To understand how specific chemokine receptors contribute to Th17 cell localization in different tissues.
To elucidate the importance of CCR6 in Th17 cell trafficking and intestinal homeostasis.

Main Methods:

Analysis of Th17 cell surface chemokine receptor expression profiles.
Studies on the migratory behavior of Th17 cells in response to chemokine gradients.
Investigation of CCR6 function in experimental models of inflammation and homeostasis.

Main Results:

Th17 cells express a heterogeneous set of chemokine receptors, including CCR7, CXCR5, CCR4, CCR5, and CXCR6, influencing their tissue distribution.
CCR6 is uniformly expressed across most Th17 cell subsets, irrespective of their destination.
CCR6 plays a critical role in directing Th17 cell migration to inflamed tissues and facilitating interactions with CCL20-expressing cells in the gut.

Conclusions:

Chemokine receptors orchestrate complex migration patterns for Th17 cells.
CCR6 is a key regulator of Th17 cell homing to inflammatory sites and is vital for maintaining intestinal Th17 cell homeostasis.
Targeting chemokine receptors, particularly CCR6, may offer therapeutic strategies for Th17-mediated inflammatory diseases.