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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Hyperthyroidism during pregnancy.

Miho Inoue, Naoko Arata, Gideon Koren

    Canadian Family Physician Medecin De Famille Canadien
    |July 16, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Methimazole is a safe option for managing hyperthyroidism in pregnancy when propylthiouracil is not tolerated. Studies show no increased risk of birth defects compared to other medications, making it crucial for maternal health.

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

    In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
    04:14

    In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

    Published on: October 6, 2023

    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Obstetrics
    • Teratology

    Background:

    • Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy requires careful management to prevent adverse maternal and fetal outcomes.
    • Propylthiouracil (PTU) is often the first-line treatment in North America, while methimazole (MMI) is prevalent elsewhere.
    • Patient intolerance to PTU necessitates alternative treatment options during gestation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the safety of methimazole use during pregnancy for treating hyperthyroidism.
    • To address concerns regarding potential methimazole-induced birth defects.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing literature and cohort studies on methimazole exposure in utero.
    • Analysis of reported cases of fetal toxicity associated with methimazole.

    Main Results:

    • Case reports have suggested a link between methimazole and fetal abnormalities (aplasia cutis, atresias, facial anomalies, mental retardation), but causality remains uncertain.
    • Cohort studies indicate that the risk of congenital abnormalities in infants exposed to methimazole in utero is not significantly higher than in those exposed to non-teratogenic drugs.
    • Uncontrolled hyperthyroidism during pregnancy poses significant risks, including preterm labor and low birth weight.

    Conclusions:

    • Methimazole is a viable alternative for pregnant patients with hyperthyroidism who cannot tolerate propylthiouracil.
    • Continuing necessary methimazole treatment is vital to mitigate the risks of uncontrolled maternal hyperthyroidism.
    • The overall safety profile of methimazole in pregnancy, when indicated, is supported by current evidence, despite some reported concerns.