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Related Concept Videos

Design Example01:23

Design Example

The innovation of touch-tone telephony revolutionized the telecommunications industry by replacing the traditional rotary dial with a dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling system. This system uses a matrix-style keypad with buttons arranged in four rows and three columns, creating 12 distinct signals each assigned to a pair of frequencies. Each button press results in a simultaneous generation of two sinusoidal tones – one from a low-frequency group (697 to 941 Hz) and one from a...
¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied first.
Bandpass Sampling01:17

Bandpass Sampling

In signal processing, bandpass sampling is an effective technique for sampling signals that have most of their energy concentrated within a narrow frequency band. This type of signal is known as a bandpass signal. The key principle of bandpass sampling involves sampling the signal at a rate that is greater than twice the signal's bandwidth to prevent aliasing.
A bandpass signal has a spectrum with a lower frequency limit, denoted as ω1, and an upper frequency limit, denoted as ω2. The spectrum...
Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule01:10

Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule

In the AX proton spin system, proton A can sense the two spin states of a coupled proton X, resulting in a doublet NMR signal with two peaks of equal (1:1) intensity. When proton A is coupled to two equivalent protons (AX2 spin system), the spin states of each X can be aligned with or against the external field, creating three possible scenarios. This results in a 1:2:1  triplet signal, where the central peak corresponds to the chemical shift of A and is twice as large or intense as the others.
The Product Rule01:24

The Product Rule

In calculus, the Product Rule provides a method for differentiating expressions that are the product of two functions. It states that the derivative of the product of two differentiable functions equals the first function times the rate of change of the second, plus the second function times the rate of change of the first.This rule ensures that the rate of change of the product accounts for the simultaneous variation of both functions.A compelling way to understand the Product Rule is through...
Characteristics of Series Resonant Circuit01:24

Characteristics of Series Resonant Circuit

Series resonance occurs in a circuit containing inductive (L), capacitive (C), and resistive (R) elements connected sequentially. At the resonance frequency, the inductive and capacitive reactances are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, effectively canceling each other. This causes the circuit's impedance is minimal, primarily determined by the resistance R. The resonant frequency of an RLC circuit is defined as:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Foreign Accent and Forensic Speaker Identification in Voice Lineups: The Influence of Acoustic Features Based on Prosody
09:09

Foreign Accent and Forensic Speaker Identification in Voice Lineups: The Influence of Acoustic Features Based on Prosody

Published on: September 27, 2024

Multiband product rule and consonant identification.

Feipeng Li1, Jont B Allen

  • 1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA. fli2@illinois.edu

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
|July 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The multiband product rule is valid for speech intelligibility on average for consonants. This rule, also known as band-independence, applies to consonant subgroups but not individual consonants.

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fMRI Mapping of Brain Activity Associated with the Vocal Production of Consonant and Dissonant Intervals
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fMRI Mapping of Brain Activity Associated with the Vocal Production of Consonant and Dissonant Intervals

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Foreign Accent and Forensic Speaker Identification in Voice Lineups: The Influence of Acoustic Features Based on Prosody
09:09

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Published on: September 27, 2024

Memorization-Based Training and Testing Paradigm for Robust Vocal Identity Recognition in Expressive Speech Using Event-Related Potentials Analysis
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fMRI Mapping of Brain Activity Associated with the Vocal Production of Consonant and Dissonant Intervals
11:15

fMRI Mapping of Brain Activity Associated with the Vocal Production of Consonant and Dissonant Intervals

Published on: May 23, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Acoustics
  • Speech Science
  • Psychoacoustics

Background:

  • The multiband product rule, or band-independence, is fundamental to the articulation index and speech intelligibility index.
  • Previous work by Fletcher validated this rule for mixed consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC), consonant-vowel (CV), and vowel-consonant (VC) sounds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-evaluate the band-independence assumption using Miller and Nicely's hi-/lo-pass experiment.
  • To specifically assess band-independence for the 16 consonants identified by Miller and Nicely.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a hi-/lo-pass filtering experiment, similar to Miller and Nicely's.
  • Employed cutoff frequencies dividing the basilar membrane into 12 equal segments (250-8000 Hz).
  • Analyzed band-independence for individual consonants and consonant subgroups (stops, fricatives).

Main Results:

  • The multiband product rule was found to be statistically valid for consonants on average.
  • Band-independence held true for consonant subgroups with flat speech cue distributions across frequencies, like stops and fricatives.
  • The rule did not apply to individual consonants when analyzed separately.

Conclusions:

  • The multiband product rule is a reliable assumption for speech intelligibility when considering consonants collectively or in specific subgroups.
  • While generally valid, the band-independence assumption breaks down for individual consonant analysis.
  • Findings support the application of the speech intelligibility index for broader consonant categories.