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Related Concept Videos

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a rapamycin-insensitive companion...
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mTOR: taking cues from the immune microenvironment.

Greg M Delgoffe1, Jonathan D Powell

  • 1Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.

Immunology
|July 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) integrates immune signals to regulate metabolism and cell survival. This kinase is crucial for adaptive immunity, influencing dendritic cell activation and T cell responses.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Metabolism
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • T cell receptor recognition and adaptive immunity depend on integrating environmental cues.
  • Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, cytokines, and accessory molecules are key signals.
  • The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase integrates environmental signals for metabolism and cell survival.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of mTOR in integrating immune microenvironment signals.
  • To demonstrate how mTOR facilitates adaptive immune responses.
  • To highlight mTOR's function in dendritic cell and T cell biology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing data on mTOR signaling in the immune system.
  • Analysis of mTOR's role in antigen-presenting cell activation and maturation.
  • Examination of mTOR's influence on T cell activation, anergy, and regulatory T cell induction.

Main Results:

  • mTOR integrates signals from the immune microenvironment.
  • mTOR plays a central role in facilitating adaptive immune responses.
  • mTOR influences dendritic cell activation, T cell activation/anergy, and regulatory T cell induction.

Conclusions:

  • The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a critical integrator of immune signals.
  • mTOR signaling is essential for the proper generation of adaptive immunity.
  • Understanding mTOR's role provides insights into immune cell regulation and function.